Table 3 Multivariate linear regression analysis for physical, psychological, social and environmental health domains of joint family in Abbottabad, Pakistan (n = 1053)*

Fixed effects

 Residence

  Urban

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

  Rural

−4.59(−7.77 to −1.41)

−3.54(−6.4 to −0.63)

–

−5.32(−8.75 to − 1.89)

Gender

 Male

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Female

−3.94(−5.88 to −2.01)

−3.10(−4.7 to −1.47)

−1.11(− 3.06 to −0.84

–

 Age (Decades)

−0.22(− 0.29 to − 0.19

−0.11(− 0.2 to − 0.05)

−0.12(− 0.19 to − 0.05)

–

Disease

 None

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Physical disability

−10.3(− 17.8 to − 2.80)

− 8.79(− 15.8 to − 1.7)

–

–

 Hypertension

−5.26(−9.3 to − 1.85

−5.26(− 8.87 to − 1.7)

–

–

 Diabetes

−8.05(− 13.13 to − 2.9)

−6.17(− 10.9 to − 1.3)

–

–

 Others

−4.26(− 6.59 to − 1.94)

− 3.36(− 5.5 to − 1.18)

–

–

Socio-economic status

 High

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Intermediate

−0.33(−2.39 to 1.73)

− 2.20(− 4.1 to − 0.25)

−3.09(− 5.37 to − 0.80)

−3.76(− 5.61 to − 1.90)

 Low

− 3.81(− 6.17 to − 1.45)

− 7.60(− 9.8 to − 5.40)

−9.86(− 12.4 to − 7.30)

−9.06(− 11.2 to − 6.94)

 Social capital

0.12(0.06 to 0.17)

0.13(0.08 to 0.19)

0.16(0.10 to 0.22)

0.13(0.08 to 0.18)

Random-effects

 Level 1: Union Council

  Gender

0.02(0.00 to 4.54)

0.97(0.24 to 3.95)

0.43(0.21 to 4.53)

2.44(1.38 to 4.30)

  Age

0.02(0.00 to 6.64)

0.05(0.00 to 0.51)

0.06(0.02 to 0.18)

0.05(0.01 to 0.24)

  Social capital

0.04(0.01 to 0.21)

0.06(0.03 to 0.11)

0.02(0.00 to 1.22)

0.02(0.00 to 1.39)

  Constant

3.0(1.02 to 8.81)

0.01(0.00 to 0.48)

0.01(0.00 to 0.20)

0.99(0.52 to 10.86)

Level 2: Cluster number

 Constant

3.30(2.04 to 5.36)

4.20(3.07 to 5.75)

5.50(4.15 to 7.31)

5.10(3.96 to 6.57)

 Residual

13.07(12.4 to 13.71)

12.14(11.5 to 12.7)

14.6(13.97 to 15.34)

11.5(10.93 to 12.0)