Variables | CARD™ (n = 88)* | Control (n = 108)* |
---|---|---|
Characteristics | ||
No. of females | 40 (45.5) | 50 (47.2)a |
Mean number of injections | 1.7 (0.8) | 1.7 (1.2) |
Student symptoms† | ||
Mean fear score | 2.0 (2.1) | 3.2 (3.4)b |
Mean pain score | 3 (1.9) | 3.9 (2.5)b |
Mean dizziness score | 0.5 (1.1) | 0.9 (1.8)b |
Coping strategies used‡ | ||
Verbal distraction | 12 (14)c | 82 (87)b |
External distraction/object | 21 (24) | 38 (36)b |
Deep breathing | 8 (9)c | 40 (37)b |
Peer support | 2 (2) | 3 (3)b |
School staff support person | 2 (2) | 1 (1)b |
Nurse support person | 1 (1) | 4 (4)b |
Topical anesthetic | 0 (0) | 0 (0)b |
Privacy | 1 (1) | 0 (0)b |
Lying down | 0 (0) | 1 (1)b |
Muscle tension | 2 (2) | 14 (13)b |