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Table 3 Hazard Ratios for Incident Fatal and Non-fatal Cardiovascular Diseases and All-Cause Mortality According to Incarceration History Status, Stratified by Sex and Race, CARDIA Study

From: Association between incarceration and incident cardiovascular disease events: results from the CARDIA cohort study

Event

n/N

Rate per 1000 person-years, incarceration history

Rate per 1000 person-years, no incarceration history

Model 1

HR (95% CI)

Model 2

HR (95% CI)

Model 3

HR (95% CI)

Cardiovascular diseases

 White Men

78/1167

5.20

2.25

2.40 (1.23–4.66)

2.87 (1.48–5.62)

3.35 (1.54–7.29)

 Black Men

102/1155

3.13

3.33

0.94 (0.55–1.61)

1.01 (0.59–1.73)

0.82 (0.44–1.52)

 White Women

38/1305

1.44

1.02

1.40 (0.19–10.18)

1.45 (0.20–10.57)

1.60 (0.20–12.57)

 Black Women

95/1478

3.66

1.20

1.63 (0.71–3.72)

1.66 (0.73–3.80)

1.22 (0.44–3.40)

All-cause mortality

 White Men

91/1167

6.53

2.54

2.60 (1.44–4.67)

2.89 (1.60–5.22)

2.52 (1.32–4.83)

 Black Men

167/1155

6.15

5.14

1.23 (0.83–1.80)

1.29 (0.88–1.90)

0.92 (0.55–1.52)

 White Women

64/1305

1.44

1.72

0.83 (0.12–6.00)

0.87 (0.12–6.24)

0.63 (0.08–4.87)

 Black Women

109/1478

4.19

2.54

1.49 (0.69–3.23)

1.54 (0.71–3.35)

1.24 (0.49–3.13)

  1. Model 1: Unadjusted
  2. Model 2: Adjusted for baseline age
  3. Model 3: Adjusted for baseline age, sex, race, baseline education, baseline smoking, baseline excessive alcohol use, baseline physical activity, baseline body mass index, baseline systolic blood pressure, baseline blood pressure lowering medication use, baseline total cholesterol, and baseline high density lipoprotein cholesterol
  4. HR hazard ratio, CI confidence intervals