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Table 5 Individual and community level factors affecting daughters’ FGM/C in Ethiopia, 2016 (a multilevel logistic regression analysis)

From: Hotspots of female genital mutilation/cutting and associated factors among girls in Ethiopia: a spatial and multilevel analysis

Variables

Model II AOR (95%CI)

Model IIIAOR (95%CI)

Model IVAOR (95%CI)

Individual level factors

Maternal age (in years)

15–19

1.00

–

1.00

20–34

1.19 (0.53–2.7)

–

1.61 (0.68–3.8)

35–49

2.31 (1.00–5.36)

–

3.51 (1.45–8.5)*

Religion

Orthodox Christian

1.00

–

1.00

Muslim

1.52 (1.03–2.24)

–

1.05 (0.7–1.58)

Protestant

0.67 (0.42–1.07)

–

0.89 (0.54–1.47)

Others*

0.23 (0.05–0.94)

–

0.29 (0.08–1.03)

Mother’s educational status

No education

1.00

–

1.00

Primary

0.96 (0.76–1.22)

–

1.06 (0.84–1.34)

Secondary and above

0.29 (0.15–0.58)

–

0.43 (0.22–0.84)*

Mother’s occupation

Do not work

1.00

–

1.00

Non-professional

1.04 (0.85–1.27)

–

1.08 (0.88–1.31)

Professional

0.44 (0.13–1.46)

–

0.51 (0.16–1.66)

Maternal circumcision status

Not circumcised

1.00

–

1.00

Circumcised

7.37 (4.69–11.59)

–

7.49 (4.84–11.59)*

Wealth Index

Poorest

1.00

–

1.00

Poorer

0.91 (0.68–1.23)

–

1.25 (0.93–1.67)

Middle

0.89 (0.66–1.22)

–

1.30 (0.96–1.76)

Richer

0.30 (0.10–0.51)

–

0.54 (0.30–0.82)*

Richest

0.65 (0.43–0.89)

–

0.70 (0.46–0.92)*

Number of living children

1–2

1.00

–

1.00

3–4

1.28 (0.94–1.74)

–

1.27 (0.93–1.72)

5–6

2.03 (1.47–2.8)

–

1.89 (1.37–2.60)*

7+

1.82 (1.28–2.61)

–

1.62 (1.13–2.32)*

Sex of household head

Male

1.00

–

1.00

Female

1.38 (0.62–3.08)

–

1.41 (0.62–3.22)

Mother’s relation to the head of the household

Wife

1.00

–

1.00

Head

1.06 (0.46–2.44)

–

1.02 (0.44–2.4)

Daughter or daughter-in-law

0.88 (0.44–1.76)

–

0.81 (0.4–1.67)

Other

0.88 (0.35–2.19)

–

0.71 (0.28–1.8)

Had regular media exposure

No

1.00

–

1.00

Yes

0.56 (0.39–0.80)

–

0.51 (0.35–0.77)*

Perceived religious believes to FGM/C

Not required

1.00

–

1.00

Required

1.57 (1.25–1.97)

–

1.47 (1.17–1.83)*

Do not know/ no religion

1.17 (0.74–1.84)

–

1.16 (0.75–1.80)

Opinions of women towards the practice of FGM/C

Stop

1.00

–

1.00

Continue

2.68 (2.12–3.38)

–

2.50 (1.99–3.14)*

Depends/ do not know

1.46 (0.88–2.42)

–

1.53 (0.93–2.51)

Ever heard of female circumcision

No

1.00

–

1.00

Yes

1.52 (0.35–6.6)

–

1.67 (0.38–7.42)

Community level factors

Residence

Urban

–

1.00

1.00

Rural

–

3.29 (1.87–5.78)

2.51 (1.46–4.33)*

Region

Afar

–

1.00

1.00

Tigray

–

0.04 (0.01–0.19)

0.07 (0.01–0.36)*

Amhara

–

0.60(0.23–1.58)

0.56 (0.21–1.49)

Oromia

–

0.05 (0.02–0.13)

0.05 (0.02–0.13)*

Somali

–

0.35 (0.10–1.17)

0.24 (0.07–0.77)*

Benishangul Gumuz

–

0.10 (0.03–0.28)

0.13 (0.05–0.37)*

SNNPR

–

0.09 (0.03–0.26)

0.09 (0.03–0.27)*

Gambella

–

0.06 (0.02–0.21)

0.13 (0.04–0.44)*

Harari

–

0.07 (0.02–0.21)

0.06 (0.02–0.16)*

Addis Ababa

–

0.03 (0.01–0.10)

0.05 (0.01–0.19)*

Dire Dawa

–

0.16 (0.05–0.45)

0.11 (0.04–0.30)*

Ethnicity

Afar

–

1.00

1.00

Somalie

–

0.15 (0.05–0.49)

0.18 (0.05–0.56)*

Amhara

–

0.08 (0.03–0.19)

0.18 (0.07–0.45)*

Oromo

–

0.09 (0.04–0.23)

0.15 (0.06–0.38)*

Tigrie

–

0.16 (0.04–0.65)

0.43 (0.09–2.16)

Sidama

–

0.09 (0.03–0.34)

0.16 (0.04–0.61)*

Wolaita

–

0.40 (0.13–1.24)

0.70 (0.21–2.29)

Guragie

–

0.14 (0.04–0.44)

0.19 (0.06–0.62)*

Siltie

–

0.06 (0.01–0.30)

0.11 (0.02–0.57)*

Dawuro

–

0.81 (0.10–6.84)

1.38 (0.21–9.24)

Kembata

–

0.30 (0.07–1.35)

0.54 (0.12–2.54)

Berta

–

0.67 (0.19–2.36)

0.77 (0.23–2.61)

Agew Awi

–

0.03 (0.00–0.26)

0.14 (0.02–1.27)

Hadiya

–

0.16 (0.05–0.54)

0.29 (0.08–1.01)

Others

–

0.04 (0.02–0.12)

0.11 (0.04–0.31)*

Women’s literacy rate of the community

Low

–

1.00

1.00

High

–

0.84 (0.55–1.28)

0.88 (0.60–1.28)

Proportion of community with regular media exposure

Low

–

1.00

1.00

High

–

0.67 (0.42–0.88)

0.70 (0.48–0.91)*

Proportion of community in the poor wealth quantile

Low

–

1.00

1.00

High

–

0.71 (0.44–1.14)

0.79 (0.51–1.21)

  1. *p-value< 0.05