Table 4 Personal, social, and environmental levels of SEM before and after the multilevel intervention between the two groups (Iran, 2017)

Perceived sensitivity

11.7± 2.1

12.6± 2.4

16.2± 1.7

12.9± 2.1

16.5± 1.7

12.8± 2.2

< 0.001

Perceived severity

25.9± 3.5

25.2± 3.1

30.6± 2.5

25.5± 3.0

30.5± 2.6

25.6± 3.1

< 0.001

Perceived rewards

32.4± 5.6

35.1± 5.2

19.1± 5.2

34.5± 6.1

20.3± 5.1

33.8± 6.1

< 0.001

Social support

35.7± 6.4

36.7± 4.0

43.6± 4.4

35.6± 3.6

43.9± 4.5

35.3± 3.6

< 0.001