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Table 1 Intervention in different levels of the socio-ecological model

From: Effects of a multi-level intervention on hookah smoking frequency and duration among Iranian adolescents and adults: an application of socio-ecological model

Levels of the socio-ecological model

Intervention

Individual-level

A virtual group was established on the Telegram application.

Text messages, pictures, and short videos are shared in the Telegram group to promote perceived sensitivity, severity, benefits of quitting hookah use, and resolution of quitting barriers.

Social environment

Group members rewarded each other with verbal encouragements, low internet service charges, informal, emotional, and instrumental support by the managers of the group and the peers, and give internal and external rewards for who reducing or quitting hookah use.

Physical environment

The administrators were requested to have serving desserts and different kinds of drinks and healthy foods like lentil soup, omelet, ice-cream, figs, and broad beans, also were provided with intellectual game accessories (like chess, mensch, and others) as alternative entertainment instruments in coffee shops. Hookah smoking-related posters and banners were installed close to the coffee shops.