Table 2 Associated factors of death among pedestrians involved in a traffic crashes in Benin. 2008–2015: Univariate and multivariate analysis
Variables | Number of crashes (N) | Number of crashes with death of a pedestrian (n) | Percentage (%) | OR brut | 95%CI | p-value | AOR | 95%CI | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Environmental factors | |||||||||
Area | 3760 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||||
Urban | 2639 | 441 | 16.71 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Rural | 1121 | 602 | 53.70 | 5.78 | 4.95–6.76 | 4.94 | 4.10–5.94 | ||
Type of day | 3681 | 0.005 | |||||||
Regular working day | 2576 | 665 | 25.82 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Weekend | 865 | 250 | 28.90 | 1.17 | 0.98–1.39 | 1.17 | 0.96–1.43 | 0.119 | |
Public holiday | 96 | 37 | 38.54 | 1.80 | 1.18–2.74 | 2.17 | 1.34–3.52 | 0.020 | |
Market day | 144 | 58 | 40.28 | 1.94 | 1.37–2.74 | 1.55 | 1.04–2.31 | 0.031 | |
Atmospheric conditions | 3751 | 0.002 | |||||||
Normal | 3599 | 982 | 27.29 | 1.00 | |||||
Abnormal | 152 | 54 | 35.53 | 1.47 | 1.05–2.06 | ||||
Light levels | 3760 | 0.013 | |||||||
During day | 2674 | 715 | 26.74 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
At night with public lighting | 282 | 72 | 25.53 | 0.98 | 0.71–1.24 | 1.32 | 0.94–1.85 | 0.109 | |
At night without public lighting | 804 | 256 | 31.84 | 1.28 | 1.08–1.52 | 1.30 | 1.06–1.59 | 0.012 | |
Characteristics of the road infrastructure | |||||||||
Road classification | 3760 | 0.000 | |||||||
National and urban roads | 1588 | 267 | 16.81 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Unclassified paths and trails | 273 | 90 | 32.97 | 2.43 | 1.83–3.23 | 1.25 | 0.85–1.82 | 0.260 | |
Inter-country national roads - RNIE | 1899 | 686 | 36.12 | 2.80 | 2.38–3.29 | 1.79 | 1.46–2.20 | 0.000 | |
Traffic crashes at an intersection | 3757 | 0.000 | |||||||
Yes | 592 | 105 | 17.74 | 1.00 | |||||
No | 3165 | 935 | 29.54 | 1.95 | 1.55–2.43 | ||||
Road profil | 3757 | 0.000 | |||||||
Flat | 3580 | 970 | 27.09 | 1.00 | |||||
Incline or elevation | 177 | 71 | 40.11 | 1.80 | 1.32–2.46 | ||||
Traffic crashes on a bend or curve | 3760 | 0.012 | |||||||
No | 3428 | 931 | 27.16 | ||||||
Yes | 332 | 112 | 33.73 | 1.37 | 1.07–1.74 | ||||
Type and state of road surfacing | 3757 | 0.000 | |||||||
Cobblestones in good condition | 604 | 68 | 11.26 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Asphalt in good condition | 2544 | 757 | 29.76 | 3.34 | 2.56–4.36 | 1.29 | 0.93–1.79 | 0.134 | |
Damaged condition | 609 | 216 | 35.47 | 4.33 | 3.20–5.86 | 2.04 | 1.41–2.95 | 0.000 | |
Presence of safety traffic barriers on the ground | 3742 | 0.000 | 0.019 | ||||||
Yes | 1238 | 419 | 33.84 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
No | 2504 | 617 | 24.64 | 0.64 | 0.55–0.74 | 0.80 | 0.66–0.96 | ||
Characteristics of the collision | |||||||||
Type of vehicle involved | 3733 | 0.000 | |||||||
Motorized with two wheels | 1145 | 234 | 20.44 | 1.00 | |||||
Light four-wheeled vehicle | 2157 | 608 | 28.19 | 1.53 | 1.29–1.81 | ||||
Truck | 431 | 190 | 44.08 | 3.07 | 2.42–3.90 | ||||
Position of the pedestrian during the collision | 3437 | 0.000 | |||||||
Crossing an intersection | 645 | 132 | 20.47 | 1.00 | |||||
Crossing away from an intersection | 397 | 79 | 19.90 | 0.96 | 0.71–1.32 | 1.00 | |||
Road and surrounding areas | 1680 | 474 | 28.21 | 1.53 | 1.23–1.90 | 1.69 | 1.19–2.38 | 0.003 | |
Pedestrian outside of the primary collision | 715 | 242 | 33.85 | 1.99 | 1.55–2.54 | 1.91 | 1.49–2.44 | 0.000 | |