Table 1 Frequency and Percentage distribution of characteristics of respondents and their children in Ethiopia
Variables | Characteristics | Frequency and percentage distribution of characteristics | |||
EDHS 2000 No (%) | EDHS 2005 No (%) | EDHS 2011 No (%) | EDHS 2016 No (%) | ||
Sex of child | Male | 5460(51) | 5089 (51) | 5636(51.5) | 5307(51) |
Female | 5293(49) | 4950 (49) | 5310 (48.5) | 5030(49) | |
Twin | Yes | 136 (1) | 143 (1.4) | 203(1.9) | 292 (2.2) |
No | 10,617(99) | 19,896(98.6) | 10,743(98.1) | 10,105 (97.8) | |
Weight of child at birth | Small | 3651 (34) | 2805 (28) | 3251(29.7) | 2676 (26.1) |
Average | 388 (36) | 4069 (40.1) | 4275 (39.1) | 4328 (42.2) | |
Big | 3200(30) | 3149 (31.4) | 3406 (31.2 | 3255 (31.7) | |
Birth order | First | 1982 (19) | 1666 (16.6) | 2068 (18.9) | 1923 (18.6) |
2–3 | 3264(30) | 3069 (30.6) | 3422 (31.3) | 3155 (30.5) | |
4–5 | 2362 (22) | 2382 (23.7) | 2522 [23] | 2473 (23.9) | |
= > 6 | 3144(29) | 2920 (29.2) | 2935 (26.8) | 2786 (27) | |
Birth interval | = < 23 month | 2215 (23) | 3420 (34) | 2407 (25) | 2446 (27.3) |
= > 24 month | 7951(77) | 6618 (66) | 7221 (75) | 6499 (72.7) | |
Age of child | < 1 year | 2186(20.3) | 222 (22) | 2383 (21.8) | 2264 (21.9) |
= > 1 < 2 year | 2145 (20) | 1872 (18.7) | 1915 (17.5) | 2001 (19.4) | |
= > 2 < 3 year | 2084(19.4) | 1883 (18.8) | 2045 (18.7) | 1926(18.6) | |
= > 3 < 4 year | 2260 (21) | 2078(20.7) | 2351 (21.5) | 1980 (19.1) | |
= > 4 < 5 year | 2080(19.3) | 1984 (19.8) | 2251 (20.6) | 2165 (21) | |
Breast feeding | Still feeding | 5318 (49.5) | 5111(51.2) | 5253 (45) | 4325 (42) |
Ever feed but not now | 5366 (50) | 4699 (47) | 5532 (50.5) | 5624 (54.4) | |
Never feed | 69 (0.64) | 178 (4.1) | 161 (1.5) | 388 (3.8) | |
Rotavirus vaccine | vaccinated | – | – | – | 2858 (27.7) |
Not vaccinated | – | – | – | 7479 (72.4) | |
Measles’ vaccine | Vaccinated | 2894 (26.9) | 2535 (26.9) | 5053 (47.1) | 3692 (60.2) |
Not vaccinated | 7859 (73.1) | 6877(73.1) | 5682(52.9) | 2446(39.8) | |
Vitamin A supplemented | Yes | 6000(56.5) | 4399(44.5) | 5274 (48.8) | 4574 (48.7) |
No | 4624(43.5) | 5492 (55.5) | 5540 (51.2) | 4825 (51.3) | |
Wealth index | Poor | – | 4312(35) | 4889 (44.7) | 4848(46.9) |
Medium | – | 2197 (22) | 2259 (20.6) | 2139 (20.7) | |
Rich | – | 3529 (35) | 3798 (34.7) | 3350 (32.4) | |
Mothers work status | Had work | 6003 (55.9) | 8572 (76.8) | 3733 (34.1) | 2803 (27.1) |
had no working | 4745(44.1) | 2590 (23.2) | 4061 (68.9) | 7534 (72.9) | |
Health insurance | Yes | – | – | 59 (0.5) | 378 (3.7) |
No | – | – | 10,882(99.4) | 9959 (96.3) | |
Distance to health facility | Not long | – | 2553 (25.4) | 2710(24.8) | 4056 (39.2) |
Long | – | 7485 (74.6) | 8227 (75.2) | 6281 (60.8) | |
Continuation of above table | |||||
Variables | Characteristics | Frequency and percentage distribution of characteristics | |||
EDHS 2000 No (%) | EDHS 2005 No (%) | EDHS 2011 No (%) | EDHS 2016 No (%) | ||
Residence | Urban | 1141(10.6) | 741(7.4) | 1413(12.9) | 1151 (11.1) |
Rural | 9612(89.4) | 2298(92.6) | 9534(87.1) | 9186 (88.9) | |
Region | Tigray | 709 (6.6) | 652 (6.5) | 701 (6.3) | 682 (6.6) |
Afar | 107 (1) | 96 (1) | 110 (1) | 104 (1) | |
Amhara | 2797 (26) | 2299 (22.9) | 2472 (22.6) | 1954 (18.9) | |
Oromia | 4356 (40.5) | 3982 (39.7) | 4615(42.2) | 4537 (43.9) | |
Somali | 127(1.2) | 428 (4.3) | 330 (3) | 472 (4.6) | |
B/Gumuz | 108 (1) | 95 (0.9) | 125(1) | 113 (1.1) | |
SNNP | 2297 (21.4) | 2265 (22.6) | 2287 (20.9) | 2149 (20.8) | |
Gambella | 25(0.23) | 28 (0.3) | 35 (0.3) | 24 (0.2) | |
Harari | 23 (0.2) | 21 (0.2) | 26 (0.2) | 24 (0.2) | |
Addis Ababa | 167 (1.6) | 140 (1.4) | 208 (1.9) | 233 (2.3) | |
Dire-Dawa | 35 (0.3) | 34 (0.3) | 36 (0.3) | 43(0.4) | |
Mother’s educational level | No formal education | 8771 (82) | 7896(78.7) | 7562 (69.1) | 6809 (65.9) |
Primary | 1426 (13) | 1699 (16.9) | 2980 (27.2) | 2777(26.9) | |
Secondary | 532 (4.9) | 401 (4) | 245(2.2) | 491 (4.8) | |
Higher | 24 (0.2) | 42 (0.4) | 159(1.5) | 260 (2.5) | |
Father’s educational level | No formal education | 6732 (63.5) | 5771(58.1) | 5360 (49.7) | 4700 (48.2) |
Primary | 2682 (25.3) | 3054 (30.8) | 4527(42) | 3849 (39.5) | |
Secondary | 1054 (10) | 1000 (10.1) | 550(5.1) | 766 (7.9) | |
Higher | 140 (1.3) | 111 (1.1) | 348 (3.2) | 442 (4.5) | |
Sex of household head | Male | 9327(86.7) | 8957 (89.2) | 9323 (85.2) | 8908 (86.2) |
Female | 1426(13.3) | 1082(10.8) | 1623 (14.8) | 1429 (13.8) | |
Media exposure | Yes | 893(8.3) | 1222 (12.2) | 2007(18.4) | 1846 (17.9) |
No | 9849(91.7) | 8799 (87.8) | 8927(81.6) | 8491 (82.1) | |
Family members | = < 5 | 4655 (43.3) | 4116 (41) | 4812(44) | 5865 (56.7) |
= > 6 | 6098 (56.7) | 5922 (59) | 6134 (56) | 4472 (43.3) | |
Number of U-5 children | = < 2 | 9169 (85.3) | 5922 (83.2) | 9041 (82.6) | 8541 (82.6) |
= > 3 | 1584 (14.7) | 1685 (16.8) | 1906 (17.4) | 1796 (17.4) | |
drinking water | Improved | 2224(21.4) | 5289(55.4) | 4951 (46.5) | 5719 (56.2) |
Not improved | 8169(78.6) | 4254(44.6) | 5686 (53.5) | 4464 (43.8) | |
Child waste disposal | Safe | 2457 (23) | 1987 (20) | 3647(36.2) | 2553 (38.8) |
Not safe | 8256 (77) | 7945 (80) | 6419 (63.8) | 4035 (61.2) | |
Type of toilet | Improved | 1494(14.4) | 891(9) | 1342(12.6) | 1036 (21.4) |
Not improved | 8903(85.6) | 9073(91) | 9287 (87.4) | 3804 (78.6) | |