The link between hearing impairment and child maltreatment among Aboriginal children in the Northern Territory of Australia: is there an opportunity for a public health approach in child protection?

Table 2 Multivariable regression results for the association between hearing impairment and risk of child protection notifications and substantiations, 1999–2008 birth cohort, Northern Territory Aboriginal children

	Notification		Substantiation
	adjHR(95% CI)	p	adjHR(95% CI)	p
Hearing impairment (HI)
Normal	reference		reference
Unilateral hearing loss	0.96 (0.88–1.04)	0.290	0.99 (0.90–1.08)	0.808
Mild HI	0.99 (0.88–1.10)	0.820	0.97 (0.82–1.14)	0.693
Moderate or worse HI	1.16 (1.04–1.30)**	0.009	1.20 (1.04–1.40)*	0.015
Gender
Male	reference		reference
Female	1.09 (1.01–1.17)*	0.021	1.09 (0.94–1.26)	0.244
First Child
No	reference		reference
Yes	0.93 (0.85–1.02)	0.141	0.95 (0.87–1.04)	0.246
Born to mother with STI
No	reference		reference
Yes	1.24 (1.11–1.40)***	< 0.001	1.25 (1.07–1.45)**	0.004
Mother attend less than 7 antenatal visits
No	reference		reference
Yes	1.03 (1.00–1.06)*	0.030	1.02 (0.91–1.14)	0.792
Mother consumed alcohol during pregnancy
No	reference		reference
Yes	1.34 (1.15–1.55)***	< 0.001	1.39 (1.16–1.67)***	< 0.001
Not stated/missing	1.13 (0.99–1.29)	0.072	1.00 (0.84–1.19)	0.975
Mother smoked during pregnancy
No	reference		reference
Yes	1.22 (1.09–1.38)**	0.001	1.14 (0.99–1.30)	0.061
Not stated/missing	1.12 (0.99–1.27)	0.076	1.13 (0.96–1.32)	0.135

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