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Table 1 Age-Standardized mortality rates per 100,000 people for 116 diseases in Hakka, Canton and Hoklo cultural regions, in 2005 and 2015

From: Age-standardized mortality, disability-adjusted life-years and healthy life expectancy in different cultural regions of Guangdong, China: a population-based study of 2005–2015

Cause of death

Hakka culture region

Canton culture region

Hoklo culture region

P value for region difference

2005

2015

Change

2005

2015

Change

2005

2015

Change

All cause of death

585.96

468.52

−20.04%*

449.56

360.02

−19.92%*

591.81

453.63

−23.35%*

< 0.0001#

Communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases

37.49

32.91

−12.23%

27.13

23.74

−12.50%#

37.18

33.98

−8.61%

< 0.0001#

HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis

9.47

8.90

−6.02%

5.14

4.26

−17.29%

8.44

8.00

−5.18%

< 0.0001#

Tuberculosis

8.22

7.21

−12.33%

3.55

2.37

−33.43%*

7.02

6.07

−13.50%

< 0.0001#

HIV/AIDS

1.25

1.69

35.48%*

1.59

1.89

18.76%*

1.42

1.93

35.94%*

0.023#

Diarrhoea, lower respiratory and other common infectious diseases

18.57

15.69

−15.51%

15.14

12.53

−17.26%*

18.99

16.64

−12.36%*

0.081

Diarrhoeal diseases

2.72

2.00

−26.56%

2.33

1.56

−33.13%*

3.05

2.25

−26.22%

0.012#

Intestinal infectious diseases

1.39

0.87

−36.96%*

1.11

0.80

−27.99%

1.35

0.93

−31.07%

0.047#

Lower respiratory infections

6.20

8.82

42.34%*

5.81

7.49

28.77%*

6.34

9.30

46.72%*

0.029#

Meningitis

4.28

2.39

−44.22%*

3.00

1.58

−47.32%*

4.70

2.63

−44.11%*

0.012#

Measles

2.89

0.91

−68.50%*

2.03

0.54

−73.45%*

2.47

0.77

−68.73%*

< 0.0001#

Neglected tropical diseases and malaria

0.58

0.21

−64.46%*

0.57

0.28

−50.63%*

0.78

0.23

−70.29%*

< 0.0001#

Malaria

0.04

0.03

−31.20%

0.04

0.02

−54.96%

0.04

0.03

−27.96%

0.531

Rabies

0.43

0.12

−71.99%*

0.43

0.18

−58.46%*

0.58

0.13

−77.01%*

< 0.0001#

Intestinal nematode infections

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

Maternal disorders

0.21

0.05

−74.73%*

0.31

0.10

−67.48%*

0.23

0.06

−74.73%*

0.801

Neonatal disorders

5.42

5.87

8.27%*

4.15

5.30

27.69%

5.76

7.05

22.35%

0.084

Nutritional deficiencies

1.11

1.19

7.55%*

0.82

0.82

0.09%

1.07

1.13

6.26%*

< 0.002#

Iron-deficiency anaemia

0.01

0.01

−2.44%

0.01

0.01

−16.07%

0.01

0.01

−0.82%

0.828

Other communicable, maternal,neonatal, and nutritional diseases

2.14

1.00

−53.14%*

1.00

0.46

−53.99%*

1.92

0.87

−54.73%*

< 0.0001#

Sexually transmitted diseases excluding HIV

0.42

0.21

−49.89%*

0.40

0.12

−70.19%*

0.44

0.23

−48.51%*

0.548

Hepatitis

1.53

0.64

−58.25%*

0.51

0.26

−49.61%*

1.30

0.50

−61.96%*

< 0.0001#

Acute hepatitis A

0.31

0.17

−45.87%

0.17

0.09

−49.44%*

0.31

0.15

−50.26%*

0.476

Acute hepatitis B

0.91

0.33

−63.40%*

0.21

0.11

−47.90%*

0.72

0.23

−67.30%*

< 0.0001#

Acute hepatitis C

0.12

0.06

−52.82%

0.06

0.02

−65.45%

0.12

0.04

−61.71%

0.253

Non-communicable diseases

495.43

404.32

−18.39%*

388.94

315.46

−18.89%*

496.41

387.77

−21.88%*

< 0.0001#

Neoplasms

141.78

123.89

−12.62%

120.11

98.81

−17.74%

141.52

115.54

−18.36%*

< 0.0001#

Esophageal cancer

8.02

7.13

−11.11%

5.92

4.58

−22.57%

7.39

6.01

−18.67%

< 0.0001#

Stomach cancer

15.87

14.24

−10.23%

12.34

9.38

−24.02%*

15.64

12.99

−16.93%

< 0.0001#

Liver cancer

28.67

23.59

−17.72%*

22.65

16.61

−26.69%*

30.13

22.66

−24.79%*

0.032#

Tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer

34.72

26.62

−23.33%*

24.41

20.92

−14.29%

34.12

25.40

−25.55%*

< 0.0001#

Breast cancer

4.88

4.57

−6.25%

6.03

4.64

−23.12%

5.22

4.45

−14.73%

0.482

Cervical cancer

1.17

2.15

84.24%*

2.16

3.17

46.65%*

1.30

2.23

72.00%*

0.666

Uterine cancer

1.89

0.89

−53.11%*

1.45

0.59

−59.09%*

1.80

0.85

−52.68%*

< 0.0001#

Prostate cancer

0.36

0.36

0.04%

0.34

0.31

−8.77%

0.35

0.33

−4.49%

0.124

Colon and rectum cancer

6.47

8.15

25.93%*

7.63

8.01

5.05%*

6.30

7.27

15.27%*

< 0.0001#

Nasopharygeal cancer

12.62

9.90

−21.53%*

11.25

7.66

−31.93%*

12.19

8.75

−28.16%*

< 0.0001#

Pancreatic cancer

2.67

3.39

26.96%*

3.17

3.24

2.08%*

2.57

3.15

22.55%*

< 0.0001#

Ovarian cancer

1.27

1.52

19.18%*

2.05

1.90

−7.71%

1.30

1.46

11.63%*

0.005#

Kidney cancer

1.05

1.17

10.74%*

1.31

1.19

−9.13%

1.00

1.03

2.94%*

< 0.0001#

Bladder cancer

1.62

1.06

−34.70%*

1.33

0.77

−42.41%*

1.51

0.90

−40.49%

< 0.0001#

Thyroid cancer

0.83

0.69

−16.45%

1.03

0.71

−30.74%

0.92

0.71

−22.48%

0.945

Leukaemia

4.92

4.05

−17.66%*

4.32

3.42

−20.90%*

4.99

3.84

−23.11%*

0.119

Cardiovascular diseases

199.58

170.86

−14.39%

159.57

136.96

−14.17%*

202.06

164.90

−18.39%*

< 0.0001#

Rheumatic heart disease

5.80

3.06

−47.17%*

4.10

2.26

−45.03%*

5.89

2.96

−49.83%*

0.007#

Ischaemic heart disease

64.31

63.29

−1.59%*

61.72

60.51

−1.97%*

67.37

62.54

−7.17%*

< 0.0001#

Cerebrovascular disease

111.69

85.13

−23.77%*

76.65

54.81

−28.49%*

109.93

79.71

−27.49%*

< 0.0001#

Ischaemic stroke

45.92

33.63

−26.75%*

30.69

22.49

−26.72%*

45.24

29.95

−33.80%*

< 0.0001#

Haemorrhagic stroke

65.77

51.50

−21.70%*

45.96

32.32

−29.67%*

64.68

49.76

−23.08%

< 0.0001#

Hypertensive heart disease

10.07

12.06

19.84%*

11.21

13.71

22.33%*

11.04

12.59

13.99%*

0.086

Cardiomyopathy and myocarditis

1.59

1.38

−13.75%

0.99

0.88

−11.02%

1.63

1.34

−17.89%

0.351

Atrial fibrillation and flutter

1.34

1.62

21.04%*

1.24

1.45

17.29%*

1.35

1.60

18.19%*

0.036#

Aortic aneurysm

1.16

1.22

5.17%

0.85

0.89

4.90%*

1.17

1.16

−1.46%*

0.034#

Chronic respiratory diseases

83.27

48.71

−41.51%*

53.79

29.80

−44.61%*

81.17

47.14

−41.93%*

< 0.0001#

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

76.91

46.37

−39.72%*

50.90

28.74

−43.53%*

75.36

44.90

−40.43%*

< 0.0001#

Asthma

5.97

1.74

−70.80%*

2.68

0.72

−73.25%*

5.42

1.65

−69.52%*

< 0.0001#

Cirrhosis

14.46

9.65

−33.24%*

8.35

5.44

−34.90%*

13.84

8.86

−36.03%*

< 0.0001#

Cirrhosis due to alcohol use

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

Digestive diseases

9.40

6.36

−32.32%*

5.86

3.83

−34.66%*

9.43

6.14

−34.88%*

< 0.0001#

Peptic ulcer disease

3.91

2.34

−40.06%*

2.15

1.22

−43.39%*

3.98

2.31

−42.03%*

0.123

Pancreatitis

1.08

0.72

−33.61%

0.81

0.55

−32.98%

1.00

0.62

−37.45%

< 0.0001#

Neurological disorders

14.08

16.99

20.65%*

16.29

18.51

13.62%*

14.15

17.03

20.36%*

< 0.0001#

Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias

9.18

11.28

22.96%*

10.56

11.93

13.04%*

9.17

11.31

23.41%*

< 0.0001#

Parkinson’s disease

2.82

3.36

19.09%*

3.54

4.28

20.92%*

2.90

3.37

16.07%*

0.014#

Epilepsy

1.50

1.84

22.53%*

1.64

1.82

10.99%*

1.49

1.85

24.31%*

0.025#

Hemicrania

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

Mental and substance use disorders

3.23

2.26

−29.91%*

1.55

1.15

−26.08%*

3.47

2.29

−33.96%*

0.310

Schizophrenia

0.60

0.67

11.19%

0.44

0.46

4.63%

0.65

0.66

1.74%

0.791

Drug use disorders

1.70

1.06

−37.45%*

0.65

0.42

−36.22%*

1.82

1.09

−40.02%*

0.227

Depressive disorder 

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

 

Infantile autism 

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

 

Diabetes, urogenital, blood, and endocrine diseases

24.05

19.52

−18.82%*

18.40

14.96

−18.73%

24.72

19.14

−22.59%

< 0.0001#

Diabetes mellitus

8.64

6.41

−25.76%*

6.05

4.38

−27.70%*

8.65

6.06

−30.02%*

< 0.0001#

Chronic kidney disease

9.56

8.77

−8.19%

7.95

6.95

−12.52%

10.18

8.88

−12.79%*

0.224

Gynaecological diseases

0.46

0.35

−23.50%

0.36

0.39

7.04%*

0.45

0.34

−23.73%

0.305

Haemoglobinopathies and haemolytic anaemias

2.54

1.64

−35.39%*

1.88

1.40

−25.51%

2.49

1.54

−37.94%

0.001#

Musculoskeletal disorders

1.09

0.89

−17.82%

1.09

0.85

−22.33%*

1.08

0.84

−22.52%

0.047#

Rheumatoid arthritis

0.43

0.36

−15.99%

0.42

0.34

−18.66%

0.43

0.34

−18.97%

0.146

Osteoarthritis

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

 

Low back and neck pain

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

 

Low back pain

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

 

Neck pain

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

 

Other non-communicable diseases

4.50

5.18

15.07%*

3.93

5.16

31.57%

4.96

5.90

18.88%

0.150

Congenital anomalies

4.26

4.97

16.51%*

3.70

4.91

32.86%

4.68

5.57

19.10%

0.429

Skin and subcutaneous diseases

0.20

0.16

−20.98%

0.19

0.19

−0.65%

0.24

0.26

8.82%

< 0.04#

Sense organ diseases

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

 

Oral disorders

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

 

Injuries

53.03

31.29

−40.99%*

33.48

20.83

−37.79%*

58.23

31.87

−45.26%*

< 0.0001#

Transport injuries

23.03

13.17

−42.81%*

14.21

8.07

−43.17%*

25.68

13.00

−49.37%*

< 0.0001#

Road injuries

21.62

12.62

−41.61%*

13.70

7.75

−43.44%*

23.94

12.32

−48.54%*

0.001#

Other transport injuries

1.41

0.55

−61.15%*

0.51

0.33

−35.75%*

1.74

0.68

−60.78%*

< 0.0001#

Unintentional injuries

17.58

12.28

−30.17%*

13.62

9.63

−29.30%*

19.69

13.20

−32.97%*

< 0.0001#

Falls

4.54

4.05

−10.63%

3.87

3.43

−11.33%

5.09

4.31

−15.22%

0.002#

Drowning

5.17

3.17

−38.55%*

4.23

2.56

−39.48%*

5.78

3.39

−41.31%*

< 0.0001#

Fire, heat, and hot substances

1.29

0.66

−48.48%*

0.80

0.46

−41.83%*

1.45

0.74

−49.38%*

0.009#

Poisonings

2.29

1.38

−40.06%*

1.38

0.83

−39.93%*

2.54

1.46

−42.58%*

0.013#

Intentional injury

12.21

5.76

−52.82%*

5.51

3.06

−44.43%*

12.62

5.59

−55.72%*

0.692

Self-harm

9.17

4.54

−50.53%*

4.33

2.49

−42.55%*

9.51

4.38

−53.96%*

0.682

Interpersonal violence

3.04

1.22

−59.75%*

1.18

0.57

−51.36%*

3.11

1.21

−61.10%*

0.108

Other diarrhea, lower respiratory and common infectious disease

1.09

0.70

−36.03%*

0.86

0.57

−34.39%*

1.09

0.77

−29.62%*

0.552

Other neglected tropical disease

0.11

0.06

−47.25%

0.10

0.09

−15.50%

0.15

0.07

−56.55%

0.088

Other nutritional disease

1.10

1.18

7.64%*

0.81

0.81

0.28%

1.06

1.12

6.32%*

< 0.02#

Other hepatitis

0.19

0.08

−57.14%*

0.07

0.04

−41.87%

0.16

0.06

−60.61%*

0.071

Other Communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases

0.19

0.15

−19.36%

0.09

0.09

−6.81%

0.18

0.15

−17.00%

0.352

Other cancer

14.75

14.41

−2.29%*

12.71

11.72

−7.82%*

14.79

13.50

−8.71%*

< 0.0001#

Other cardiovascular disease

3.62

3.09

−14.54%

2.80

2.45

−12.58%

3.67

3.02

−17.92%

< 0.002#

Other chronic respiratory disease

0.39

0.60

54.58%*

0.21

0.34

56.48%*

0.39

0.59

52.51%*

0.509

Other Cirrhosis

14.46

9.65

−33.24%*

8.35

5.44

−34.90%*

13.84

8.86

−36.03%*

< 0.0001#

Other digestive disease

4.41

3.30

−25.15%*

2.89

2.06

−28.62%*

4.45

3.21

−27.92%

0.008#

Other neurological disorders

0.58

0.50

−13.09%

0.55

0.47

−14.13%

0.59

0.49

−16.10%

0.682

Other mental and substance use disorders

0.93

0.53

−42.68%*

0.46

0.27

−40.83%*

0.99

0.53

−46.26%*

0.558

Other diabetes, urogenital, blood, and endocrine diseases

2.85

2.34

−17.87%

2.17

1.84

−14.91%

2.95

2.32

−21.49%

0.185#

Other musculoskeletal disorders

0.65

0.53

−19.03%

0.67

0.51

−24.62%*

0.65

0.49

−24.82%

0.164

Others

0.04

0.06

39.49%

0.03

0.06

72.40%

0.05

0.07

48.52%

0.742

Other unintentional injury

4.30

3.01

−29.94%*

3.35

2.35

−29.80%*

4.83

3.30

−31.68%*

0.014#

Other injury

0.21

0.08

−61.06%*

0.14

0.06

−57.37%*

0.23

0.09

−63.48%*

0.527

  1. #Statistical significance using Poisson regression model for comparison of different culture regions (P < 0.05)
  2. *Statistical significance using the test of Cochran-Armitage trend for year 2005 to 2015 comparison (P < 0.05)