Self-management practice, associated factors and its relationship with health literacy and patient activation among multi-morbid COPD patients from rural Nepal

Table 3 Associates of poor SMPs among multi-morbid COPD patients of Nepal

Variables	Unstandardized β	Standardised β	Confidence Interval (CI)	P-value
Gender
Male	Reference	Reference
Female	0.05	0.003	−2.45 to 2.55	.96
Education status
Educated	Reference	Reference
Uneducated	−0.43	−0.22	−.7.11to − 1.75	.001
Age group(years)
≤40	Reference	Reference
41–55	1.23	0.05	−3.74 to 6.20	.62
≥ 56	2.36	0.11	−2.59 to 7.32	.34
Marital status
Married	Reference	Reference
Unmarried/Divorce/Widow/widower	−0.33	−.01	−3.03 to 2.37	.80
Ethnicity
Higher caste	Reference	Reference
Indigenous	−0.06	−0.004	−2.54 to 2.41	.95
Dalits (Untouchable as per traditional Hindu caste system)	−.44	−.02	−3.49 to 2.60	.77
Occupation
Farmer/housewife	Reference	Reference
Professional jobs (Govt, Private, Businessman)	.97	.02	−5.40 to 7.36	.76
Factory workers/labourers	−1.66	−0.9	−4.08 to .76	.17
Family income level (NRs)#
< 20,000	−5.22	−.19	−8.48 to − 1.96	.002
> 20,001	Reference	Reference
Use of tobacco products
No	Reference	Reference
Yes	−0.97	−.04	−4.30 to 2.35	.56
Presence of chronic illness by comorbidities
At least one^a	Reference	Reference
More than two^b	3.58	.17	.99 to 6.16	.007

^a Asthma
^b combination of any two or more of these diseases: diabetes, cardiovascular disease, depression, arthritis, insomnia, musculoskeletal disorders etc
Results in bold indicate significant p-value at 95% CI
# 1 USD = 110 NRS (Jan 2019 exchange rate)

ISSN: 1471-2458