Self-management practice, associated factors and its relationship with health literacy and patient activation among multi-morbid COPD patients from rural Nepal

Table 1 Sample characteristics

Characteristics	n	%
Gender
Male	107	45
Female	131	55
Age category (years)
≤40	18	7.6
41–55	44	18.5
≥ 56	176	73.9
Education status
uneducated	166	69.7
educated	72	30.3
Marital status
Married	176	73.9
Unmarried/divorced/widow/widower	62	26.1
Ethnicity
Brahmin/Chhetri (Higher caste)	98	41.2
Indigenous (Adivasi Janajati)	91	38.2
Dalits (untouchable caste as per traditional Hindu caste system)	49	20.6
Religion
Hindu	222	93.3
Islam	16	6.7
Occupation
Farmer/Housewife	108	45.4
Professional jobs (Business/government jobs/private company)	8	3.4
Factory workers/labourers	122	51.3
Family income level (NRs)
≲20,000	206	86.6
> 20,000	32	13.4
Use of tobacco product
No	45	18.9
Yes	193	81.1
Comorbidities
At least one^a	60	25.2
Two or more^b	178	74.8

^a Asthma
^b combination of any two or more of these diseases: diabetes, cardiovascular disease, depression, arthritis, insomnia, musculoskeletal disorders etc

ISSN: 1471-2458