Table 3 Themes from participant perspectives of a One Health approach and challenges to investigate AMR in Vietnam from the 17 interviews conducted in Hanoi and Thai Nguyen Province during 2018–2019
Theme | Example |
|---|---|
Communication and multi-sectorial collaboration | “The gap in the connection…that’s why right now it’s hard for us to do it. Because we lack the resource to link the people…the division together” Man, animal health sector |
Building comprehensive knowledge | “Have the connections, between human and animal…enhancing the capability in researching, in knowledge... the antibiotic resistance between human and animal... overall...then we may... further... research, there would be the learning from each other”. Woman, animal health sector |
Improving likelihood of success | “this man investigates into this and that man investigates into that, but you must have the exchange of information between each others... yet now... there is no sharing, no collaboration for the next step, so it would properly be not effective”, Woman, animal health sector |
Diagnostic capacity | “there are multiple difficulties, but especially the problem of gene analysis, genotype, Vietnam can implement some, but some has not, because of no machinery, no solvent, no chemicals; then it must be transferred overseas for analysis” Man, human health sector, “there need’s more well-trained professionals… in antibiotic resistance… [in] deep analysis is also insufficient.” Woman, animal health sector |
Availability and access to antibiotics | “we have the national regulation and we apply to the public... but it (does) not work yet”, Man, animal health sector |
Tracing ability within the Vietnamese food chain | “the traceability of a potential source is difficult.... 90% would be bought at wet market, where related organizations such as Department of Trade cannot control”. Man, human health sector |
Personal benefits | “The farmers even concern more about their economic, they are willing to use AB to prevent disease. In livestock law, in purpose of preventing disease, young animal can use AB, but the definition for “young” by month of age is not clear. Some regulations on how long farmers should stop using AB before slaughtering but farmers do not strictly abide”. Woman, animal health sector |
Managing the system | “You know sometimes, Vietnamese people…. It really works if you have personal relationship or if you have good relationship before”. Man, human health sector |