Table 1 Summary of systematic reviews conducted on antenatal depression included in this systematic review of reviews (N = 10)
Review | Geographic coverage of the review | Prominent tools used | Data base searched | Number of primary studies | Number of participants | Quality assessment | Main findings relevant to the review | AMSTAR score | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Antenatal depression Prevalence | Risk factors | ||||||||
Biaggie, 2016 From 2003 to 2015 | Developed countries | Not reported | PubMed, Psych INFO, Cochrane Library | 97 | 1,541,303 | Not assessed | Not reported | - Lack of partner or social support (in 13 studies); - History of abuse or domestic violence (in 6 studies); - Personal history of mental illness (in 7 studies); - Un-planned or unwanted pregnancy (in 4 studies); - Adverse events in life and high perceived stress (in 3 studies); - Present or past pregnancy complications or loss (in 3 studies) | 5 |
Gelaye et al., 2016 From 1998 to 2015 | Low and middle-income countries | EPDS (22 studies) | PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, BIOSIS Online | 51 | 48,904 | Not assessed quality of the primary studies | 25.3% (95% CI 21.4–29.6%) | - Early life abuse (child maltreatment, a severe early life stressor, includes all forms of physical, sexual and psychological maltreatment that pose harm to a child’s health, development or dignity) in 2 studies - Adult abuse (intimate partner violence (IPV), encompassing physical, psychological and sexual abuse in five studies - Maternal low educational attainment in two studies - Maternal current low economic status in three studies - Lack of social support in one study - History of mental illness in one study | 7 |
Halim et al. 2017 From 1990 to 2017 | Low and Lower middle-income countries | EPDS in ten studies | PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Psyc Info, Applied Social Science Index and Abstracts (ASSIA) | 24 | 13,490 | Quality assessed but not used standard criteria | 15—65% | - Intimate partner violence during pregnancy in 24 studies | 7 |
Mitchel et al. 2017 From 1980 to 2015 | Developed countries | BDI in six studies | PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase and PsychINFO | 12 | 4751 | NOS criteria | Not reported | - Hyperemesis gravidarum in 12 studies | 7 |
Roomruangwong C et al. 2011 From 1968 to 2010 | Asian countries | BDI in six studies | MEDLINE (PubMed), PsychINFO and SCOPUS | 25 | 9126 | Not assessed the quality of primary studies | 20% | - Having a history of premenstrual symptoms (in 3 studies) - Poor marital relationship (in 3 studies) - Unplanned/unwanted pregnancy especially, during premarital period (in 8 studies) - Poor obstetric history (complication before or in current pregnancy) in five studies - Financial difficulties (in 4 studies) - Lack of support from husband or relatives (in 7 studies) | 4 |
Sparling et al. 2017 From 2008 to 2015 | All studies are included from developed countries except one from India | EPDS in 21 studies | PubMed, EMBASE and CINAHL | 35 | 88,051 | Quality in Prognostic Studies tool, Cochrane Collaboration tool | Not reported | - 173 studies, including three polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) supplementation trials, found no evidence of an association between polyunsaturated fatty acid and depression) - 22 studies showed protective effects of healthy dietary patterns, multivitamin supplementation, fish and PUFA intake, calcium, vitamin D, zinc and possibly selenium from depression. - Given the methodological limitations of existing studies and inconsistencies in findings across studies, the evidence on whether nutritional factors influence the risk of perinatal depression is still inconclusive. | 7 |
Underwood et al. 2016 From 2000 to 2015 | Developed countries | EPDS in 13 studies | Embase, PsychINFO, MEDLINE and Cochrane Reviews | 16 | 35,419 | List of criteria’s that could resemble the standard quality assessment tool | 17% | - Previous depression history was found as a predictor of a current depression during pregnancy in five studies | 7 |
Wosu Ac et al. 2015 From 1999 to 2014 | Majority were from USA but the rest were from other developed countries | CES-D/ in three studies | PubMed, EMBASE, PyscINFO, CINAHL, Web of Science, BIOSIS, and Science Direct | 7 | 2161 | Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) | Not reported | - Childhood sexual abuse is strongly associated with prenatal depression (six studies) | 8 |
Lancaster CA et al. 2010 From 1980 to 2008 | Developed countries | CES- D in 49 studies | PubMed, CINAHL, SCOPUS, PsycINFO, Sociological Abstracts, ISI Proceedings, ProQuest | 57 | 36,257 | Quality assessment tool adapted from methods of the US Preventive Services Task Force | Not reported | - Life stress (in 18 studies), - lack of social support (in 24 studies), - Domestic violence (in seven studies) - Unwanted pregnancy (in six studies) - Lowe income (in 11 studies) - Unemployment (in 14 studies) - Lower education (in 20 studies) - Smoking (in 11 studies) - Alcohol use (in 10 studies) - Illicit drug use (in 8 studies) - Nulliparity (in 18 studies) - Poor obstetric history (in 10 studies) | 7 |
Howard LM et al. 2013 From 2000 to 2012 | From all continent except Africa | EPDS in 35 studies | Medline, Embase, and PsycINFO, and hand searches of Trauma Violence and Abuse, Journal of Traumatic Stress, and Violence Against Women | 67 | 171,465 | Yes, quality appraisal checklist | Not reported | - Life time domestic violence (in 11 studies) with a pooled odds ratio and 95%CI [3.04: 2.31,4.01, I2 = 51.1%] - Any past year partner violence in five studies, Pooled odds ratio with 95%CI [2.82: 1.52, 5.28, I2 = 75.3%] - Partner violence during pregnancy in seven studies, Pooled odds ratio with 95%CI [5.00: 4.94, 6.17, I2 = 23.7%] | 8 |