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Table 4 Multivariate logistic regression analyses of data on hardcore smokers among male current smokers aged 55–74 years old with histories of more than 30 pack-years of smoking, and their characteristics

From: Burden of male hardcore smokers and its characteristics among those eligible for lung cancer screening

Variable

Hardcore smoker OR (Univariate)

Hardcore smoker OR (Multivariate)

Baseline characteristics

 Age, years

1.06 (1.02–1.09)

1.05 (1.01–1.09)

 BMI, kg/m2

0.95 (0.90–1.00)

0.99 (0.93–1.05)

 Underlying disease

  Depression (vs. none)

3.65 (1.09–12.23)

6.55 (1.75–24.61)

  Chronic diseases (vs. none)

1.03 (0.71–1.34)

 

 Household income (vs. 4th quartile)

  1st quartile

1.67 (0.99–2.82)

1.03 (0.58–1.84)

  2nd quartile

1.15 (0.65–2.03)

0.78 (0.41–1.46)

  3rd quartile

1.16 (0.66–2.03)

0.98 (0.54–1.80)

 Education (vs. high school or higher)

  Elementary school or lower

1.70 (1.15–2.51)

1.50 (0.98–2.30)

  Middle school

1.14 (0.74–1.77)

0.96 (0.59–1.56)

 Occupation (vs. white collar job)

  Blue collar job

1.61 (0.79–3.29)

 

  Unemployed

1.76 (0.83–3.74)

 

 Marital status

  Single (vs. married/ cohabiting)

1.36 (0.82–2.26)

 

 FEV1/FVC (vs. ≥ 0.7)

  FEV1/FVC < 0.7

1.22 (0.84–1.78)

 

Smoking and alcohol related factors

 Age at smoking initiation (vs. ≥26 years)

  age < 16 years

1.99 (0.95–4.19)

2.08 (0.89–4.85)

  16–20 years

1.12 (0.58–2.18)

1.13 (0.52–2.46)

  20–26 years

1.31 (0.70–2.43)

1.51 (0.71–3.17)

 Second-hand smoke at workplace (vs. none)

1.22 (0.84–1.78)

 

 Second-hand smoke at home (vs. none)

0.80 (0.39–1.66)

 

 No education on smoking cessation (vs. yes)

4.78 (1.69–11.87)

4.15 (1.30–13.22)

 Alcohol use (vs.never-drinker)

  0–1 time per week

0.72 (0.39–1.33)

0.96 (0.49–1.90)

  2–3 times per week

0.79 (0.42–1.48)

1.04 (0.49–2.19)

  ≥ 4 times per week

1.36 (0.77–2.38)

1.73 (0.91–3.27)

Life style factors

 Stress recognition (vs. hardly or a little)

  Sufficiently

1.12 (0.73–1.72)

1.37 (0.85–2.22)

  Extremely

1.68 (1.06–2.69)

1.93 (1.13–3.29)

 Number of days of intense physical activity

  None (vs. ≥ 1 day, per week)

1.31 (0.90–1.92)

0.94 (0.60–1.48)

 Moderate physical activity

  None (vs. ≥ 1 day, per week)

1.33 (0.95–1.85)

1.16 (0.78–1.71)

 Walking

  None (vs. ≥ 1 day, per week)

1.18 (0.79–1.77)

 

 Muscle strengthening exercises

  None (vs. ≥ 1 day, per week)

1.75 (1.17–2.63)

1.32 (0.82–2.12)

EQ-5D

  Mobility problems (vs. none)

1.28 (0.91–1.80)

1.05 (0.63–1.75)

  Self-care problems (vs. none)

0.92 (0.49–1.72)

 

  Usual activity problems (vs. none)

1.36 (0.90–2.07)

1.06 (0.56–2.00)

  Pain/discomfort problems (vs. none)

1.08 (0.74–1.57)

 

  Anxiety/depression problems (vs. none)

1.20 (0.76–1.90)

 
  1. Single includes divorced, bereaved, separated, and never-married; chronic disease includes hypertension, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus. EQ-5D EuroQol five-dimension questionnaire, FEV1 Forced expiratory volume in 1 sec, FVC Forced vital capacity