Variable | Hardcore smoker OR (Univariate) | Hardcore smoker OR (Multivariate) |
---|---|---|
Baseline characteristics | ||
 Age, years | 1.06 (1.02–1.09) | 1.05 (1.01–1.09) |
 BMI, kg/m2 | 0.95 (0.90–1.00) | 0.99 (0.93–1.05) |
 Underlying disease | ||
  Depression (vs. none) | 3.65 (1.09–12.23) | 6.55 (1.75–24.61) |
  Chronic diseases (vs. none) | 1.03 (0.71–1.34) |  |
 Household income (vs. 4th quartile) | ||
  1st quartile | 1.67 (0.99–2.82) | 1.03 (0.58–1.84) |
  2nd quartile | 1.15 (0.65–2.03) | 0.78 (0.41–1.46) |
  3rd quartile | 1.16 (0.66–2.03) | 0.98 (0.54–1.80) |
 Education (vs. high school or higher) | ||
  Elementary school or lower | 1.70 (1.15–2.51) | 1.50 (0.98–2.30) |
  Middle school | 1.14 (0.74–1.77) | 0.96 (0.59–1.56) |
 Occupation (vs. white collar job) | ||
  Blue collar job | 1.61 (0.79–3.29) |  |
  Unemployed | 1.76 (0.83–3.74) |  |
 Marital status | ||
  Single (vs. married/ cohabiting) | 1.36 (0.82–2.26) |  |
 FEV1/FVC (vs. ≥ 0.7) | ||
  FEV1/FVC < 0.7 | 1.22 (0.84–1.78) |  |
Smoking and alcohol related factors | ||
 Age at smoking initiation (vs. ≥26 years) | ||
  age < 16 years | 1.99 (0.95–4.19) | 2.08 (0.89–4.85) |
  16–20 years | 1.12 (0.58–2.18) | 1.13 (0.52–2.46) |
  20–26 years | 1.31 (0.70–2.43) | 1.51 (0.71–3.17) |
 Second-hand smoke at workplace (vs. none) | 1.22 (0.84–1.78) |  |
 Second-hand smoke at home (vs. none) | 0.80 (0.39–1.66) |  |
 No education on smoking cessation (vs. yes) | 4.78 (1.69–11.87) | 4.15 (1.30–13.22) |
 Alcohol use (vs.never-drinker) | ||
  0–1 time per week | 0.72 (0.39–1.33) | 0.96 (0.49–1.90) |
  2–3 times per week | 0.79 (0.42–1.48) | 1.04 (0.49–2.19) |
  ≥ 4 times per week | 1.36 (0.77–2.38) | 1.73 (0.91–3.27) |
Life style factors | ||
 Stress recognition (vs. hardly or a little) | ||
  Sufficiently | 1.12 (0.73–1.72) | 1.37 (0.85–2.22) |
  Extremely | 1.68 (1.06–2.69) | 1.93 (1.13–3.29) |
 Number of days of intense physical activity | ||
  None (vs. ≥ 1 day, per week) | 1.31 (0.90–1.92) | 0.94 (0.60–1.48) |
 Moderate physical activity | ||
  None (vs. ≥ 1 day, per week) | 1.33 (0.95–1.85) | 1.16 (0.78–1.71) |
 Walking | ||
  None (vs. ≥ 1 day, per week) | 1.18 (0.79–1.77) |  |
 Muscle strengthening exercises | ||
  None (vs. ≥ 1 day, per week) | 1.75 (1.17–2.63) | 1.32 (0.82–2.12) |
EQ-5D | ||
  Mobility problems (vs. none) | 1.28 (0.91–1.80) | 1.05 (0.63–1.75) |
  Self-care problems (vs. none) | 0.92 (0.49–1.72) |  |
  Usual activity problems (vs. none) | 1.36 (0.90–2.07) | 1.06 (0.56–2.00) |
  Pain/discomfort problems (vs. none) | 1.08 (0.74–1.57) |  |
  Anxiety/depression problems (vs. none) | 1.20 (0.76–1.90) |  |