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Table 4 Associations between school ethos and risk gambling. Odds ratios from two-level binary logistic regressions. n = 5123 students distributed across 46 upper secondary schools

From: School ethos and adolescent gambling: a multilevel study of upper secondary schools in Stockholm, Sweden

 

Empty model

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

 

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

Student level

 Gender

  Boy (ref.)

 

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

  Girl

 

0.08***

0.04–0.13

0.08***

0.04–0.13

0.08***

0.04–0.13

0.08***

0.05–0.14

Family structure

 Two parents in the same household (ref.)

 

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Other

 

1.46*

1.05–2.02

1.45*

1.05–2.01

1.45*

1.05–2.01

1.42*

1.03–1.96

Parental university education

 No parent (ref.)

 

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 At least one parent

 

0.59**

0.42–0.82

0.60**

0.43–0.83

0.60**

0.43–0.83

0.65*

0.47–0.90

Parental unemployment

 No parent (ref.)

 

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 At least one parent

 

1.22

0.69–2.17

1.23

0.69–2.17

1.23

0.70–2.18

1.27

0.72–2.24

Migration background

  ≥ 10 years in Sweden (ref.)

 

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

  < 10 years in Sweden

 

1.12

0.69–1.82

1.17

0.72–1.91

1.17

0.72–1.92

1.20

0.74–1.96

School level

 % students with parents with post-secondary education

   

0.99

0.99–1.00

0.99

0.98–1.00

0.99

0.98–1.00

 % students with a foreign background

     

1.00

0.99–1.01

0.99

0.98–1.00

School ethos

 Weak (ref.)

       

1.00

 Intermediate

       

0.57*

0.36–0.90

 Strong

       

0.40**

0.22–0.69

 ICC

15.0%

4.6%

 

3.4%

 

3.5%

 

1.8%

 
  1. ***p < 0.001 **p < 0.01 *p < 0.05