Table 3 Associations between school ethos and gambling. Odds ratios from two-level binary logistic regressions. n = 5123 students distributed across 46 upper secondary schools
Empty model | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | ||
Student level | |||||||||
Gender | |||||||||
Boy (ref.) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | |
Girl | 0.23*** | 0.19–0.27 | 0.22*** | 0.19–0.27 | 0.23*** | 0.19–0.28 | 0.23*** | 0.19–0.28 | |
Family structure | |||||||||
Two parents in the same household (ref.) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | |
Other | 1.15 | 0.97–1.37 | 1.15 | 0.96–1.37 | 1.15 | 0.96–1.37 | 1.14 | 0.96–1.35 | |
Parental university education | |||||||||
No parent (ref.) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | |
At least one parent | 0.86 | 0.71–1.03 | 0.87 | 0.72–1.04 | 0.86 | 0.72–1.04 | 0.89 | 0.74–1.07 | |
Parental unemployment | |||||||||
No parent (ref.) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | |
At least one parent | 0.97 | 0.68–1.37 | 0.97 | 0.68–1.37 | 0.97 | 0.68–1.38 | 0.98 | 0.69–1.39 | |
Migration background | |||||||||
≥ 10 years in Sweden (ref.) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | |
< 10 years in Sweden | 0.79 | 0.57–1.07 | 0.81 | 0.59–1.10 | 0.81 | 0.60–1.11 | 0.80 | 0.58–1.09 | |
School level | |||||||||
% students with parents with post-secondary education | 0.99* | 0.99–1.00 | 0.99** | 0.98–1.00 | 0.99** | 0.99–1.00 | |||
% students with a foreign background | 1.00 | 0.99–1.01 | 0.99 | 0.99–1.00 | |||||
School ethos | |||||||||
Weak (ref.) | 1.00 | – | |||||||
Intermediate | 1.02 | 0.74–1.40 | |||||||
Strong | 0.62** | 0.43–0.89 | |||||||
ICC | 7.9% | 4.8% | 3.9% | 3.7% | 2.6% | ||||