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Table 5 Adjusted Odds Ratio (OR) and 95% Confidence Interval (CI) of indirect maternal mortality causes by socio-demographic characteristics

From: Maternal mortality by socio-demographic characteristics and cause of death in South Africa: 2007–2015

Variables

Tuberculosis OR (95% CI)

HIV and related OR (95% CI)

Viral diseases OR (95% CI)

Immune system disorders OR (95% CI)

Other ill-defined OR (95% CI)

Accidental injury OR (95% CI)

Event of undetermined intent OR (95% CI)

Miscellaneous indirect OR (95% CI)

Age group (years)

 10–14

1(Ref)

1(Ref)

1(Ref)

1(Ref)

1(Ref)

 15–19

0.8(0.3–2.8)

0.5(0.2–1.5)

0.5(0.3–1.0)

1.0(0.4–3.2)

0.4(0.2–0.7)

 20–24

1.9(0.7–6.2)

0.2(0.1–0.7)

0.3(0.1–0.6)

0.7(0.2–2.0)

0.3(0.2–0.6)

 25–29

2.6(1.1–8.8)

0.4(0.1–1.1)

0.2(0.1–0.4)

0.3(0.1–1.2)

0.4(0.2–0.7)

 30–34

2.9(1.2–9.6)

0.3(0.1–0.9)

0.1(0.1–0.3)

0.2(0.1–0.9)

0.4(0.2–0.7)

 35–39

2.7(1.1–8.9)

0.4(0.1–1.2)

0.1(0.0–0.3)

0.2(0.0–0.7)

1.2(0.5–3.7)

 40+

2.1(0.8–7.0)

0.9(0.4–2.6)

0.3(0.1–0.6)

0.3(0.1–1.2)

0.5(0.3–0.9)

Province of death

 Western Cape

1(Ref)

1(Ref)

1(Ref)

1(Ref)

1(Ref)

1(Ref)

1(Ref)

1(Ref)

 Eastern Cape

1.2(0.6–2.4)

0.4(0.3–0.5)

1.3(0.8–2.1)

1.4(0.7–3.0)

0.4(0.2–0.7)

0.5(0.3–0.8)

0.9(0.5–1.9)

1.9(1.2–3.2)

 Northern Cape

0.4(0.1–1.4)

0.8(0.5–1.3)

0.6(0.2–1.5)

0.9(0.2–2.7)

0.6(0.2–1.3)

0.7(0.3–1.2)

0.1(0.0–0.7)

0.6(0.5–0.8)

 Free State

1.2(0.6–2.4)

0.2(0.1–0.3)

0.6(0.3–1.1)

2.2(1.1–4.7)

0.3(0.1–0.6)

0.3(0.2–0.5)

0.7(0.3–1.6)

0.8(0.5–1.2)

 KwaZulu-Natal

1.5(0.8–2.9)

0.6(0.5–0.8)

1.2(0.8–2.0)

1.4(0.7–2.8)

0.4(0.3–0.7)

0.5(0.4–0.8)

0.7(0.3–1.3)

0.8(0.6–1.1)

 North West

0.8(0.3–1.7)

0.3(0.2–0.5)

1.3(0.7–2.1)

2.4(1.2–5.0)

0.4(0.2–0.7)

0.2(0.1–0.4)

1.2(0.6–2.4)

0.6(0.5–0.8)

 Gauteng

0.7(0.4–1.4)

0.3(0.2–0.4)

0.8(0.5–1.3)

1.6(0.9–3.3)

0.6(0.3–0.9)

0.5(0.3–0.7)

1.1(0.6–2.0)

0.5(0.4–0.8)

 Mpumalanga

0.8(0.4–1.6)

0.3(0.2–0.5)

1.1(0.6–1.9)

2.4(1.2–5.1)

0.3(0.1–0.6)

0.4(0.2–0.6)

0.1(0.0–0.5)

0.6(0.4–0.7)

 Limpopo

0.9(0.5–1.9)

0.2(0.1–0.3)

1.2(0.7–2.0)

1.8(0.9–3.9)

0.5(0.3–0.9)

0.4(0.2–0.6)

0.4(0.1–0.9)

0.8(0.6–1.0)

 Other

1.4(0.8–7.9)

0.0(0.0–0.0)

1.2(0.0–6.0)

5.0(0.7–20.9)

0.4(0.0–2.3)

0.3(0.0–1.5)

1.2(0.0–7.0)

0.4(0.1–1.4)

Place of death

 Health care facility

1(Ref)

1(Ref)

1(Ref)

1(Ref)

1(Ref)

1(Ref)

1(Ref)

1(Ref)

 Home

1.5(1.0–2.1)

0.4(0.3–0.5)

0.3(0.2–0.5)

0.8(0.5–1.1)

8.5(6.1–11.8)

3.2(2.2–4.4)

1.9(1.1–3.3)

1.7(1.4–2.0)

 Other

0.5(0.3–0.8)

0.3(0.2–0.4)

0.4(0.3–0.6)

0.4(0.2–0.6)

6.7(4.9–9.0)

11.0(8.8–13.8)

7.3(5.3–10.1)

1.5(1.3–1.7)

Occupation

 Non-professionala

1(Ref)

1(Ref)

1(Ref)

1(Ref)

1(Ref)

1(Ref)

1(Ref)

1(Ref)

 Professional

0.5(0.1–1.4)

0.4(0.2–0.8)

0.4(0.1–0.9)

0.9(0.4–1.9)

0.6(0.2–1.3)

1.8(1.0–2.9)

0.6(0.1–1.8)

1.4(1.0–1.9)

 Semi-professional

1.8(1.2–2.6)

1.0(0.8–1.3)

1.0(0.6–1.4)

1.2(0.8–1.8)

0.4(0.2–0.8)

1.4(1.0–2.0)

1.2(0.6–2.0)

1.1(0.9–1.4)

 Unspecified

0.8(0.5–1.2)

0.6(0.5–0.8)

0.8(0.6–1.0)

0.9(0.7–1.3)

0.3(0.1–0.5)

1.2(0.9–1.6)

0.6(0.3–1.0)

0.8(0.7–1.0)

Education

 None

1(Ref)

1(Ref)

1(Ref)

1(Ref)

1(Ref)

1(Ref)

1(Ref)

1(Ref)

 Primary

0.6(0.3–1.2)

0.9(0.6–1.5)

1.7(0.9–3.8)

0.9(0.5–2.0)

0.7(0.3–1.5)

1.0(0.5–2.4)

0.9(0.3–2.8)

0.7(0.5–0.9)

 High School

0.5(0.2–0.9)

1.1(0.7–1.8)

1.2(0.6–2.6)

0.8(0.4–1.6)

0.8(0.4–1.8)

1.4(0.7–3.0)

0.9(0.3–2.7)

0.6(0.5–0.9)

 University

0.3(0.1–0.7)

0.9(0.5–1.5)

1.4(0.7–3.2)

0.7(0.3–1.5)

1.0(0.4–2.2)

1.8(0.9–4.1)

0.8(0.3–2.6)

0.7(0.5–1.0)

 Unspecified

0.5(0.2–0.8)

0.9(0.6–1.4)

1.4(0.7–3.0)

0.8(0.4–1.7)

0.7(0.3–1.5)

0.7(0.3–1.5)

0.5(0.2–1.5)

0.6(0.4–0.8)

Marital status

 Unmarried

1(Ref)

1(Ref)

1(Ref)

1(Ref)

1(Ref)

1(Ref)

1(Ref)

1(Ref)

 Married

0.6(0.4–0.9)

0.6(0.4–0.7)

0.7(0.5–0.9)

0.5(0.4–0.8)

0.9(0.6–1.2)

1.2(0.9–1.6)

1.1(0.7–1.7)

0.8(0.7–1.0)

 Unspecified

1.1(0.7–1.6)

1.1(0.9–1.4)

1.1(0.8–1.5)

1.0(0.7–1.3)

1.0(0.7–1.5)

0.5(0.3–0.7)

0.5(0.3–0.9)

0.8(0.7–1.0)

  1. μ: age for tuberculosis, viral diseases and immune system disorders was left out because there was not enough data to be included in the model for logistic regression analysis
  2. aThis category is classified by StatsSA as inclusive of armed forces, occupation unspecified and not elsewhere classified