Table 4 Adjusted Odds Ratio (OR) and 95% Confidence Interval (CI) of direct maternal mortality causes by socio-demographic characteristics
Variables | Abortion OR (95% CI) | Hypertensive disorders OR (95% CI) | Other maternal disorders OR (95% CI) | Maternal care conditions OR (95% CI) | Complications of labour OR (95% CI) | Complications related to puerperium OR (95% CI) | Haemorrhage OR (95% CI) | Sepsis OR (95% CI) | Maternal infectious and parasitic diseases OR (95% CI) | Other ill-defined OR (95% CI) | Miscellaneous direct OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age group (years) | |||||||||||
10–14 | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) |
15–19 | 1.3(0.6–3.5) | 0.8(0.5–1.3) | 0.5(0.2–1.2) | 1.1(0.4–4.0) | 2.0(0.6–12.6) | 2.6(0.9–11.0) | 3.0(0.9–19.0) | 1.7(0.7–4.9) | 2.5(1.2–6.1) | 1.0(0.6–1.7) | 0.5(0.2–1.5) |
20–24 | 1.5(0.7–4.0) | 0.6(0.4–0.9) | 0.5(0.2–1.1) | 0.8(0.3–2.8) | 2.0(0.6–12.3) | 1.8(0.7–7.7) | 3.1(0.9–19.1) | 1.8(0.8–5.4) | 3.3(1.6–7.9) | 1.1(0.7–1.9) | 0.5(0.2–1.4) |
25–29 | 1.4(0.7–3.8) | 0.4(0.3–0.7) | 0.5(0.2–1.0) | 0.8(0.3–2.9) | 2.5(0.8–15.7) | 1.1(0.4–4.8) | 2.9(0.9–17.7) | 1.5(0.7–4.5) | 4.1(2.0–9.9) | 1.1(0.7–1.9) | 0.4(0.1–1.1) |
30–34 | 1.6(0.7–4.2) | 0.4(0.2–0.6) | 0.4(0.2–0.9) | 1.2(0.5–4.1) | 2.5(0.8–15.8) | 1.1(0.4–4.7) | 3.6(1.1–22.3) | 1.3(0.5–3.8) | 3.7(1.8–9.0) | 1.1(0.7–1.9) | 0.4(0.2–1.2) |
35–39 | 1.3(0.6–3.6) | 0.5(0.3–0.7) | 0.4(0.2–1.0) | 1.5(0.6–5.2) | 2.9(0.9–18.2) | 1.3(0.5–5.7) | 3.2(1.0–19.9) | 1.2(0.5–3.7) | 3.1(1.5–7.5) | 1.0(0.6–1.8) | 0.5(0.2–1.3) |
40+ | 0.7(0.3–2.0) | 0.2(0.1–0.4) | 0.4(0.2–1.0) | 0.9(0.3–3.2) | 1.1(0.3–7.5) | 0.7(0.2–3.3) | 2.7(0.8–16.7) | 0.5(0.2–1.7) | 2.2(1.1–5.5) | 0.7(0.4–1.3) | 0.1(0.0–0.5) |
Province of death | |||||||||||
Western Cape | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) |
Eastern Cape | 1.0(0.7–1.4) | 1.2(0.9–1.6) | 1.2(0.8–2.0) | 2.1(1.1–4.0) | 1.5(0.9–2.5) | 0.5(0.4–0.8) | 3.4(2.0–6.4) | 5.9(3.0–13.3) | 1.1(0.9–1.5) | 1.1(0.9–1.4) | 0.2(0.1–0.4) |
Northern Cape | 0.7(0.3–1.4) | 1.2(0.8–1.8) | 0.6(0.2–1.5) | 2.4(1.0–5.5) | 0.3(0.0–1.1) | 0.9(0.5–1.6) | 2.4(1.0–5.4) | 3.5(1.3–9.4) | 0.9(0.6–1.4) | 1.5(1.0–2.1) | 0.6(0.2–1.2) |
Free State | 0.9(0.5–1.3) | 1.4(1.0–1.8) | 1.3(0.8–2.2) | 1.5(0.8–3.2) | 1.2(0.7–2.2) | 0.8(0.5–1.2) | 2.4(1.3–4.7) | 4.3(2.1–10.1) | 1.1(0.8–1.5) | 1.5(1.1–1.9) | 0.4(0.2–0.7) |
KwaZulu-Natal | 1.2(0.8–1.7) | 0.8(0.6–1.1) | 1.5(0.9–2.3) | 1.9(1.0–3.6) | 1.1(0.7–1.8) | 0.4(0.2–0.6) | 2.6(1.5–4.9) | 5.1(2.6–11.6) | 1.4(1.1–1.7) | 1.1(0.9–1.4) | 0.3(0.2–0.6) |
North West | 0.8(0.5–1.3) | 1.3(1.0–1.8) | 1.3(0.8–2.3) | 2.3(1.2–4.5) | 1.3(0.8–2.4) | 0.7(0.4–1.0) | 3.4(1.9–6.5) | 4.4(2.1–10.2) | 1.1(0.8–1.5) | 1.4(1.1–1.8) | 0.5(0.2–0.8) |
Gauteng | 1.4(1.0–2.0) | 1.1(0.8–1.4) | 1.0(0.7–1.7) | 1.9(1.1–3.6) | 1.4(0.9–2.3) | 1.0(0.7–1.4) | 3.0(1.7–5.5) | 3.7(1.9–8.3) | 1.0(0.8–1.3) | 1.4(1.1–1.7) | 0.5(0.3–0.9) |
Mpumalanga | 1.2(0.8–1.8) | 1.3(1.0–1.7) | 1.3(0.8–2.2) | 2.2(1.1–4.3) | 0.9(0.5–1.7) | 0.4(0.3–0.7) | 3.7(2.1–7.0) | 5.0(2.5–11.5) | 1.2(0.9–1.6) | 1.5(1.1–1.9) | 0.2(0.1–0.4) |
Limpopo | 1.3(0.9–2.0) | 1.4(1.1–1.8) | 1.7(1.0–2.7) | 2.8(1.5–5.4) | 1.6(1.0–2.8) | 0.4(0.3–0.7) | 3.6(2.0–6.7) | 4.8(2.4–11.1) | 0.9(0.7–1.2) | 1.0(0.8–1.3) | 0.3(0.1–0.5) |
Other | 2.8(0.9–7.3) | 0.8(0.2–2.4) | 1.0(0.0–5.2) | 6.4(1.4–21.3) | 1.1(0.0–5.5) | 1.0(0.1–3.7) | 3.9(0.6–15.1) | 7.2(1.0–30.8) | 0.6(0.0–2.0) | 0.8(0.2–2.3) | 0.0(0.0–0.0) |
Place of death | |||||||||||
Health care facility | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) |
Home | 1.0(0.8–1.3) | 0.7(0.6–0.8) | 0.4(0.3–0.6) | 0.4(0.2–0.7) | 0.5(0.3–0.8) | 0.8(0.5–1.1) | 0.9(0.7–1.2) | 1.3(1.0–1.6) | 0.5(0.4–0.6) | 1.1(0.9–1.3) | 5.5(4.0–7.7) |
Other | 1.5(1.2–1.7) | 0.9(0.7–1.0) | 0.6(0.5–0.8) | 0.9(0.6–1.1) | 1.3(1.0–1.6) | 0.6(0.4–0.8) | 1.1(0.9–1.4) | 0.5(0.4–0.7) | 0.4(0.3–0.5) | 0.6(0.5–0.7) | 3.6(2.7–4.8) |
Occupation | |||||||||||
Non-professionala | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) |
Professional | 0.8(0.5–1.2) | 0.9(0.6–1.2) | 1.7(1.1–2.6) | 1.0(0.5–1.7) | 1.1(0.6–1.9) | 1.1(0.6–1.8) | 0.5(0.2–0.9) | 0.5(0.2–1.1) | 0.8(0.6–1.2) | 1.4(1.1–1.8) | 0.4(0–1.1.2) |
Semi-professional | 0.9(0.6–1.1) | 0.8(0.6–1.0) | 0.9(0.6–1.3) | 0.6(0.4–1.0) | 0.9(0.6–1.3) | 0.8(0.6–1.2) | 0.6(0.4–0.9) | 0.9(0.6–1.3) | 1.2(1.0–1.5) | 0.8(0.7–1.0) | 1.2(0.7–1.8) |
Unspecified | 0.5(0.4–0.7) | 1.0(0.8–1.1) | 0.8(0.6–1.1) | 0.8(0.6–1.1) | 1.0(0.7–1.3) | 0.7(0.5–0.9) | 0.7(0.6–1.0) | 1.4(1.1–1.7) | 1.7(1.5–1.9) | 1.1(0.9–1.2) | 0.9(0.6–1.4) |
Education | |||||||||||
None | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) |
Primary | 0.9(0.6–1.5) | 0.8(0.6–1.2) | 0.7(0.4–1.3) | 1.1(0.6–2.3) | 0.9(0.4–1.9) | 0.9(0.4–2.0) | 1.5(0.8–3.1) | 0.7(0.4–1.2) | 1.4(0.9–2.1) | 1.2(0.8–1.6) | 0.7(0.3–2.0) |
High School | 0.9(0.5–1.4) | 1.0(0.7–1.4) | 0.9(0.5–1.6) | 1.0(0.6–2.1) | 1.0(0.5–2.0) | 1.1(0.6–2.3) | 1.4(0.8–2.7) | 0.6(0.4–1.0) | 1.3(0.9–1.9) | 1.1(0.8–1.5) | 0.9(0.4–2.2) |
University | 0.8(0.5–1.3) | 1.0(0.7–1.6) | 1.0(0.5–1.9) | 1.0(0.5–2.1) | 1.3(0.7–2.8) | 1.5(0.8–3.3) | 1.3(0.7–2.7) | 0.4(0.2–0.7) | 0.8(0.5–1.3) | 1.2(0.8–1.6) | 0.9(0.4–2.4) |
Unspecified | 0.8(0.5–1.2) | 1.1(0.8–1.6) | 1.0(0.6–1.8) | 0.9(0.5–1.8) | 0.9(0.5–1.8) | 1.5(0.8–3.0) | 1.4(0.8–2.8) | 0.7(0.4–1.2) | 1.4(1.0–2.1) | 1.2(0.9–1.6) | 0.6(0.3–1.6) |
Marital status | |||||||||||
Unmarried | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) |
Married | 0.9(0.7–1.1) | 1.2(1.0–1.4) | 1.3(1.0–1.6) | 1.1(0.8–1.4) | 1.2(0.9–1.5) | 1.5(1.2–1.9) | 1.3(1.0–1.6) | 0.8(0.6–1.0) | 0.9(0.8–1.0) | 1.1(0.9–1.2) | 1.0(0.7–1.4) |
Unspecified | 0.8(0.6–1.0) | 1.2(1.0–1.3) | 1.1(0.8–1.4) | 1.1(0.8–1.5) | 0.8(0.6–1.1) | 1.0(0.8–1.3) | 0.9(0.7–1.2) | 1.0(0.7–1.3) | 1.0(0.9–1.2) | 0.9(0.8–1.1) | 0.9(0.6–1.4) |