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Table 3 Chilla Participation and Postpartum Depression at Six Months, Bachpan cohort, Pakistan†

From: Maternal depression in rural Pakistan: the protective associations with cultural postpartum practices

 

Model A: Full Sample - Unadjusted

Model B: Full Sample - MSPSS Excluded

Model C: Full Sample - Adjusted

Model D: Non-Depressed

Model E: Depressed

N = 823

N = 823

N = 823

N = 418

N = 405

Panel A: SCID+

 

OR

CI

OR

CI

OR

CI

OR

CI

OR

CI

 Chilla (yes)

0.40

0.23

0.71

0.53*

0.33

0.86

0.56

0.31

1.03

0.44*

0.20

0.97

0.73

0.39

1.34

 MSPSS

      

0.72***

0.61

0.85

0.66**

0.51

0.86

0.78*

0.65

0.93

 SCID (Baseline)

   

2.47***

1.75

3.49

2.30***

1.62

3.26

      

 Maternal Age

   

1.01

0.97

1.06

1.02

0.98

1.07

0.98

0.92

1.05

1.02

0.97

1.07

 Maternal Education

   

0.83**

0.72

0.94

0.81**

0.70

0.94

0.81*

0.66

1.00

0.88

0.74

1.04

 Parity

   

1.20

0.78

1.84

1.11

0.64

1.92

1.37

0.71

2.64

1.22

0.68

2.18

 SES

   

0.88

0.76

1.02

0.91

0.75

1.11

1.01

0.79

1.28

0.84

0.70

1.01

 Mother-in-law

   

1.15

0.79

1.69

1.26

0.84

1.88

1.46

0.76

2.80

1.08

0.66

1.76

 People in Room

   

1.00

0.91

1.10

1.01

0.91

1.12

1.09

0.96

1.23

0.92

0.80

1.06

 Study Arm

   

0.85

0.59

1.23

0.89

0.60

1.33

0.94

0.54

1.61

0.85

0.56

1.29

 Intercept

0.63

0.36

1.12

0.42

0.12

1.44

1.32

0.23

7.63

3.93

0.40

38.44

2.84

0.51

15.86

Panel B: PHQ-9++

 

Coefficient

CI

Coefficient

CI

Coefficient

CI

Coefficient

CI

Coefficient

CI

 Chilla (yes)

−2.51

−4.20

−0.82

−2.03***

−3.10

−0.96

−1.54*

−2.94

−0.14

−0.66

−1.98

0.67

−2.05*

−3.81

−0.49

 MSPSS

      

−0.85***

−1.16

− 0.55

− 0.65**

− 1.06

− 0.24

− 0.93***

− 1.38

− 0.46

 PHQ-9 (Baseline)

   

0.28***

0.22

0.33

0.25***

0.19

0.30

0.27***

0.17

0.36

0.21***

0.10

0.33

 Maternal Age

   

0.04

−0.04

0.13

0.04

− 0.04

0.12

0.02

−0.08

0.12

0.04

−0.09

0.19

 Maternal Education

   

−0.34

−0.60

− 0.07

−0.22

− 0.49

0.05

− 0.23

− 0.51

0.06

−0.37

− 0.81

0.07

 Parity

   

0.09

−0.76

0.93

0.12

−0.55

0.78

0.21

−0.68

1.10

0.20

−1.34

1.00

 SES

   

−0.11

−0.40

0.19

0.01

−0.36

0.37

0.11

−0.23

0.45

−0.12

−0.60

0.35

 Mother-in-law

   

0.24

−0.55

1.02

0.26

−0.46

0.98

0.03

−0.85

0.91

0.36

−0.56

3.53

 People in Room

   

0.04***

−0.16

0.25

0.05

−0.13

0.23

−0.05

−0.27

0.17

0.11

−0.22

0.48

 sStudy Arm

   

−0.74

−1.44

−0.04

− 0.70

−1.37

−0.04

− 0.76

− 1.52

0.00

− 0.75

−1.88

0.31

 Intercept

6.40

4.71

8.08

4.02*

1.45

6.59

7.34

4.24

10.44

6.13

2.67

9.58

8.98

4.52

14.00

  1. † Models A-C used sampling weights and all models accounted for clustering due to the study design; *p < .05, ** < .01, ***p < .001; + Panel A used multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression with random effects to account for clustering; ++ Panel B used generalized linear mixed models with random effects to account for clustering; Abbreviations: Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), Socioeconomic Status (SES), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID)