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Table 2 Background Characteristics by Chilla Participation, Bachpan cohort, Pakistan*

From: Maternal depression in rural Pakistan: the protective associations with cultural postpartum practices

 

Chilla Participation

No Chilla Participation

Test of Difference

N = 729

N = 94

T-Test

Chi-Squared

Mean or N

SD or %

Mean or N

SD or %

Demographic Characteristics

 Maternal Age

26.68

4.38

26.19

4.79

−1.00

 

Maternal Education

     

15.46**

 None

96

13.17

15

15.96

  

 Primary (1–5)

130

17.83

29

30.85

  

 Middle (6–8)

136

18.66

21

22.34

  

 Secondary (9, 10)

195

26.75

14

14.89

  

 Higher Secondary (11, 12)

76

10.43

8

8.51

  

 Tertiary (> 12)

96

13.17

7

7.45

  

Parity

     

4.93*

 First Pregnancy

220

30.18

18

19.15

  

 One or more children

509

69.82

76

80.85

  

SES Quintiles

     

17.61***

 Lowest

125

17.15

28

29.79

  

 Lower Middle

138

18.93

25

26.60

  

 Middle

152

20.85

19

20.21

  

 Upper Middle

155

21.26

10

10.64

  

 Highest

159

21.81

12

12.77

  

Mother-in-law

     

1.73

 Yes

499

68.45

58

61.70

  

 People in Room

2.36

1.76

2.45

1.48

0.45

 

 MSPSS (Three months)

4.57

1.27

3.82

1.39

−5.31***

 

Depression Characteristics

 SCID (Baseline)

350

48.01

55

58.51

 

3.67

 PHQ-9 (Baseline)

8.56

6.62

10.05

6.96

2.04*

 
  1. *p < .05, ** < .01, ***p < .00; Abbreviations: Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), Socioeconomic Status (SES); Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID)