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Table 4 Compliance by neighborhood characteristics (Minneapolis only)

From: Store and neighborhood differences in retailer compliance with a local staple foods ordinance

Compliance Outcome

Neighborhood Characteristic

Pre-policy (2014) Mean (SE)

Implementation only (2015) Mean (SE)

Early initiation of enforcement (2016) Mean (SE)

Continued monitoring (2017) Mean (SE)

Overall Effect (time-by-characteristic) p (dfā€‰=ā€‰3)

Met at least 8 of 10 ordinance standards (% of stores)

Lower SES

26.9 (8.7)

48.2 (9.6)

42.3 (9.7)

44.0 (9.9)

0.23

Higher SES

23.5 (5.9)

37.3 (6.8)

25.5 (6.1)

54.4 (7.3)

Ā 

Low-income/low-access

26.1 (9.2)

59.1 (10.5)

35.0 (10.7)

47.1 (12.1)

0.15

Not low-income/low-access

24.1 (5.8)

33.9 (6.3)

29.8 (6.1)

51.9 (6.8)

Ā 

10 point scale (0ā€“10; 1 point for each category where standard met)

Lower SES

5.9 (0.5)

6.9 (0.5)

6.8 (0.4)

6.7 (0.4)

0.12

Higher SES

5.5 (0.4)

6.3 (0.3)

6.5 (0.3)

7.4 (0.3)

Ā 

Low-income/low-access

5.4 (0.6)

7.4 (0.5)

6.6 (0.6)

7.2 (0.5)

0.002

Not low-income/low-access

5.7 (0.3)

6.1 (0.3)

6.6 (0.3)

7.2 (0.3)

Ā 

p-net

Ā 

0.001

0.65

0.70

Ā 

Any food in each of 10 categories (% of stores)

Lower SES

30.8 (9.1)

44.4 (9.6)

57.7 (9.7)

72.0 (9.0)

0.82

Higher SES

25.5 (6.1)

35.3 (6.7)

47.1 (7.0)

76.1 (6.3)

Ā 

Low-income/low-access

30.4 (9.6)

45.5 (10.6)

40.0 (11.0)

82.4 (9.2)

0.05

Not low-income/low-access

25.9 (6.0)

35.7 (6.4)

54.4 (6.6)

72.2 (6.1)

Ā 

p-net

Ā 

0.73

0.09

0.65

Ā 
  1. Bolded entries: pĀ <Ā 0.05; Low SES: >ā€‰50% of residents at 185% of poverty; High SES: ā‰¤50% of residents at 185% of poverty; All models adjusted for repeated measures over time; p-net values refer to changes in time-by-characteristic effect from pre-policy to implementation only, from pre-policy to early initiation of enforcement, from pre-policy to continued monitoring respectively