Variable | Model 0 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adjusted Odds ratio 95% Confidence interval | P value | Adjusted Odds ratio 95% Confidence interval | P value | Adjusted Odds ratio 95% Confidence interval | P value | Adjusted Odds ratio 95% Confidence interval | P value | |
Place of Residence | ||||||||
Rural | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Formal | 6.37 (4.63,8.78) | 0.001 | 2.35 (1.85,2.97) | 0.001 | 1.80 (1.41,2.28) | 0.001 | 1.69 (0.89,3.22) | 0.108 |
Slum | 5.13 (3.81,6.91) | 0.001 | 1.93 (1.54,2.42) | 0.001 | 1.76 (1.38,2.25) | 0.001 | 1.45 (0.44,4.78) | 0.541 |
DHS | ||||||||
2003 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
2008 | 2.01 (1.46,2.77) | 0.001 | 2.99 (2.14,4.17) | 0.001 | 2.77 (1.84,4.16) | 0.001 | 3.27 (2.12,5.03) | 0.001 |
2013 | 3.08 (2.21,4.29) | 0.001 | 4.12 (2.92,5.82) | 0.001 | 3.84 (2.53,5.83) | 0.001 | 4.51 (2.90,7.02) | 0.001 |
CHILD LEVEL FACTORS | ||||||||
Birth order | ||||||||
> =6 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
1 | 1.60 (1.27,2.01) | 0.001 | 1.82 (1.30,2.55) | 0.001 | 1.69 (1.19,2.40) | 0.004 | ||
2–3 | 1.52 (1.23,1.87) | 0.001 | 1.47(1.11,1.94) | 0.007 | 1.39 (1.04,1.86) | 0.028 | ||
4–5 | 1.24 (1.00,1.54) | 0.053 | 1.19 (0.92,1.54) | 0.177 | 1.14 (0.87,1.48) | 0.342 | ||
Place of delivery | ||||||||
Home | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Health facility | 3.75 (3.00,4.69) | 0.001 | 2.07 (1.69,2.54) | 0.001 | 1.13 (0.73,1.73) | 0.591 | ||
Antenatal attendance | ||||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Yes | 11.37(8.09,15.99) | 0.001 | 7.44 (5.31,10.42) | 0.001 | 8.45 (5.21,13.69) | 0.001 | ||
Don’t know | 7.66(5.32,11.03) | 0.001 | 4.81 (3.30,7.00) | 0.001 | 6.45 (2.82,14.72) | 0.001 | ||
HOUSEHOLD LEVEL FACTORS | ||||||||
Maternal education level | ||||||||
No education | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Primary | 2.14 (1.66,2.76) | 0.001 | 1.77 (1.29,2.44) | 0.001 | ||||
Secondary | 3.43 (2.57,4.58) | 0.001 | 2.67 (1.64,4.36) | 0.001 | ||||
Higher | 5.08 (3.36,7.68) | 0.001 | 3.92 (1.79,8.59) | 0.001 | ||||
Sex of Household head | ||||||||
Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Female | 1.16(0.91,1.48) | 0.242 | 1.10(0.85,1.41) | 0.502 | ||||
Religion | ||||||||
Islam | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Christian | 3.22 (2.50,4.17) | 0.001 | 2.36 (1.81,3.08) | 0.001 | ||||
Traditionalist/ others | 0.84 (0.51,1.38) | 0.489 | 0.84 (0.50,1.40) | 0.499 | ||||
Mother employment status | ||||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Yes | 1.22 (0.93,1.60) | 0.154 | 1.15 (0.87,1.52) | 0.327 | ||||
Maternal age at the child’s birth | ||||||||
14–19 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
20–29 | 2.22(1.62,3.04) | 0.001 | 2.35 (1.61,3.45) | 0.001 | ||||
30–39 | 2.85(1.95,4.16) | 0.001 | 3.33(1.84,6.02) | 0.001 | ||||
40–49 | 3.33(1.98,5.60) | 0.001 | 4.41(1.86,10.44) | 0.001 | ||||
Current marital status | ||||||||
Never married | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Married/partner | 0.69(0.43,1.12) | 0.136 | 0.77(0.47,1.27) | 0.304 | ||||
No longer together | 0.77(0.40,1.48) | 0.438 | 0.93(0.47,1.83) | 0.826 | ||||
Decision maker on spending of mothers income | ||||||||
No income mother /missing | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Mother alone | 1.12 (0.86,1.47) | 0.394 | 1.17 (0.88,1.55) | 0.279 | ||||
mother& spouse | 1.25 (0.92,1.70) | 0.163 | 1.19 (0.86,1.63) | 0.301 | ||||
spouse alone | 0.77 (0.53,1.12) | 0.174 | 0.76(0.51,1.12) | 0.162 | ||||
Media exposure | ||||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Yes | 1.89 (1.51,2.36) | 0.001 | 1.91 (1.50,2.41) | 0.001 | ||||
Household wealth | ||||||||
Poor | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Moderate | 1.14 (0.96,1.35) | 0.129 | 1.30 (0.91,1.85) | 0.155 | ||||
Rich | 1.31 (0.93,1.85) | 0.126 | 1.69 (0.86,3.32) | 0.126 | ||||
COMMUNITY LEVEL FACTORS | ||||||||
Region | ||||||||
Northcentral | 1.00 | |||||||
Northeast | 0.56 (0.40,0.78) | 0.001 | ||||||
Northwest | 0.30 (0.21,0.44) | 0.001 | ||||||
Southeast | 1.10 (0.78,1.55) | 0.589 | ||||||
Southsouth | 1.54 (1.11,2.14) | 0.010 | ||||||
Southwest | 0.90 (0.65,1.24) | 0.523 | ||||||
Distance to nearest Health Facility Big problem No/Not a big problem | 1.00 1.69 (1.37,2.09) | 0.001 | ||||||
Interactions with place of residence Maternal Education | 1.03(0.91,1.17) | 0.643 | ||||||
Household wealth | 0.90 (0.74,1.09) | 0.289 | ||||||
ANC attendance | 0.89 (0.69,1.13) | 0.331 | ||||||
Place of delivery | 1.38 (1.08,1.76) | 0.010 | ||||||
Mothers birth age | 0.92 (0.79,1.06) | 0.238 |