Fig. 3

Upper panel: Historical development of period life expectancy between ages 50 and 85 (e_{50 ∣ 85}, in years) for males (blue) and females (red) with the observed mortality rates (solid), and when smoking-attributable mortality was omitted (dashed), for the three studied regions. Lower panel: Sex differences in period e_{50 ∣ 85} with observed mortality (total population), and when smoking-attributable mortality was removed, for the three studied regions