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Table 3 Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis of potential risk factors associated with IPIs among primary schoolchildren in Debre Berhan town, Northeast Ethiopia, 2017 (N=645)

From: Assessment of the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and associated habit and culture-related risk factors among primary schoolchildren in Debre Berhan town, Northeast Ethiopia

Variables

Category

Intestinal Parasite

OR (95% C.I)

Positive

Negative

Crude

Adjusted

Sociodemographic factors

 Age (years)

6–9

127

77

1.34 (0.90, 1.98)

3.10 (1.31, 7.31)*

10–12

98

133

0.60 (0.41, 0.87)*

0.65 (0.28, 1.49)

13–15

116

94

1

1

 Sex of child

Boys

168

140

1.14 (0.84, 1.55)

–

Girls

173

164

1

 

 Birth order

Non- First

244

189

1.53 (1.10, 2.13)*

0.82 (0.39, 1.69)

First

97

115

1

1

 Living with birth parents

No

49

37

1.21 (0.77, 1.91)

–

Yes

292

267

1

 

 Family size

≥ 6

237

73

7.21 (5.08, 10.23)*

6.84 (3.31,14.12)**

2–5

104

231

1

1

 Father education

Illiterate

119

63

7.80 (4.51, 13.50)*

3.85 (1.40,10.60)**

Primary education

132

52

10.49 (6.01,18.30)*

2.47 (0.78, 7.75)

Junior education

36

45

3.30 (1.76, 6.22)*

2.54 (0.76, 8.49)

Secondary education

31

49

2.61 (1.38, 4.96)*

2.28 (0.70, 7.41)

Diploma and above

23

95

1

1

 Mother education

Illiterate

158

54

24.19 (13.03,44.90)*

5.81 (1.99,16.92)**

Primary education

68

48

11.71 (6.11, 22.45)*

4.56 (1.52,13.66)**

Junior education

69

39

14.63 (7.53, 28.42)*

3.03 (0.90, 10.18)

Secondary education

31

39

6.57 (3.22, 13.42)*

2.86 (0.84, 9.65)

Diploma and above

15

124

1

1

 Father occupation

Urban farming

86

16

10.66 (5.77, 19.72)*

8.16 (2.55,26.12)**

Manual worker

110

61

3.58 (2.31, 5.54)*

3.27 (1.28, 8.37)*

Trader/petit-trade

83

104

1.58 (1.04, 2.41)*

2.10 (0.88, 5.03)

Employed

62

123

1

1

 Family IPs infection history

Yes

144

125

1.05 (0.77, 1.43)

–

No

197

179

1

 

Hygiene and environmental sanitation factors

 Hand wash before eating

Not always

240

114

3.96 (2.85, 5.50)*

8.23 (3.94,17.15)**

Always

101

190

1

1

 Hand wash after defecation

Not always

227

178

1.41 (1.02, 1.94)*

0.92 (0.44, 1.93)

Always

114

126

1

1

 Finger cleanness

Not clean

228

85

5.20 (3.71, 7.28)*

2.66 (1.30, 5.46)**

Clean

113

219

1

1

 Source of water

Stream

33

5

7.50 (2.88, 19.53)*

2.64 (0.37, 18.68)

Public tap

80

40

2.27 (1.49, 3.46)

1.49 (0.57, 3.90)

Piped water

228

259

1

1

 Type of latrine

PLWOS

75

17

7.39 (4.21, 12.99)*

5.43 (1.47, 20.09)*

PLWS-shared

115

34

5.67 (3.68, 8.73)*

2.79 (1.18, 6.60)*

PLWS-private

151

253

1

1

 ODS near residence

Yes

229

85

5.27 (3.76, 7.38)*

3.58 (1.77, 7.25)**

No

112

219

1

1

 Soap use for hand wash

Not regular

286

264

0.79 (0.51, 1.22)

–

Regular

55

40

1

 

 Disposal of waste in home yard

Yes

210

177

1.15 (0.84, 1.58)

–

No

131

127

1

 

 Presence of pets in home

Yes

235

204

1.09 (0.78, 1.51)

–

No

106

100

1

 

Habit and culture-related factors

 Habit of playing with waste water

Yes

218

88

4.35 (3.12, 6.06)*

7.99 (3.60,17.71)**

No

123

216

1

1

 Habit of playing with soil

Yes

247

90

6.25 (4.44, 8.80)*

6.25 (2.75,14.16)**

No

94

214

1

1

 Habit of eating while playing

Yes

257

125

4.38 (3.13, 6.13)*

2.80 (1.23, 6.38)*

No

84

179

1

1

 Cultural response to dropped food

Cleaning and eating

117

26

8.72 (5.03, 15.10)*

11.42 (3.82,34.11)**

Kiss and replace

176

185

1.84 (1.23, 2.76)*

4.08 (1.71, 9.74)**

Leaving it there

48

93

1

1

 Habit of sucking fingers/pen-caps

Yes

198

90

3.29 (2.37, 4.57)*

4.05 (1.92, 8.55)**

No

143

214

1

1

 Habit of eating on the way to school

Yes

315

204

5.94 (3.73, 9.47)*

2.39 (0.88, 6.45)

No

26

100

1

1

 Habit of using grass as toothpick

Yes

207

167

1.27 (0.93, 1.73)

–

No

134

137

1

 

 Habit of playing barefoot

Yes

78

58

1.26 (0.86, 1.84)

–

No

263

246

1

 

 Eating raw vegetables

Rarely

141

122

1.05 (0.77, 1.44)

–

Not at all

200

182

1

 

 Eating raw meat

Yes

91

92

0.84 (0.60, 1.18)

–

No

250

212

1

 

 Shoes wearing habit

Not regular

20

13

1.40 (0.68, 2.85)

–

Regular

321

291

1

 
  1. Note: *= significant at p-value < 0.05, **= significant at p-value < 0.01, PLWOS Pit-latrine without slab, PLWS Pit-latrine with slab, ODS Open defecation site, OR Odds ratio