Table 6 Changes in beverage expenditure as a proportion of income in Tonga from 2009 to 2015/16
Characteristic | Household beverage expenditure as a proportion of equivalised household income (%) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2009 | 2015/16 | Absolute difference | Relative change (%) | Diff. p-value | |||
Soft drinks (taxed in 2013) | Total | All | 0.39 (0.33 to 0.45) | 0.32 (0.23 to 0.42) | −0.07 (−0.18 to 0.05) | −17.0 (−44.5 to 12.8) | 0.267 |
Age | Adults only | 0.63 (0.43 to 0.82) | 0.51 (0.19 to 0.83) | −0.12 (− 0.49 to 0.26) | −18.6 (−72.1 to 43.5) | 0.544 | |
Adults and children | 0.31 (0.26 to 0.35) | 0.25 (0.20 to 0.30) | −0.05 (− 0.12 to 0.01) | − 18.0 (−36.9 to 2.9) | 0.103 | ||
p-value | 0.752 | ||||||
Income tertile | Lowest | 0.54 (0.39 to 0.70) | 0.51 (0.25 to 0.76) | −0.03 (− 0.33 to 0.26) | −6.3 (−56.6 to 52.0) | 0.821 | |
Middle | 0.34 (0.25 to 0.42) | 0.30 (0.17 to 0.42) | −0.04 (− 0.19 to 0.11) | −11.4 (−51.9 to 35.2) | 0.617 | ||
Highest | 0.29 (0.23 to 0.36) | 0.20 (0.16 to 0.24) | −0.09 (− 0.17 to − 0.02) | −31.5 (− 50.4 to −9.1) | 0.017 | ||
p-value | 0.712 | ||||||
Island | Outer islands | 0.19 (0.14 to 0.24) | 0.17 (0.11 to 0.23) | −0.02 (− 0.09 to 0.06) | −8.9 (−45.2 to 34.3) | 0.668 | |
Tongatapu (main island) | 0.48 (0.39 to 0.57) | 0.38 (0.25 to 0.52) | −0.10 (− 0.26 to 0.06) | −20.2 (−50.7 to 13.1) | 0.240 | ||
p-value | 0.379 | ||||||
Milk | Total | All | 0.23 (0.19 to 0.27) | 0.33 (0.28 to 0.38) | 0.10 (0.04 to 0.17) | 43.2 (12.0 to 79.1) | 0.002 |
Age | Adults only | 0.32 (0.19 to 0.46) | 0.43 (0.30 to 0.55) | 0.10 (−0.08 to 0.29) | 32.1 (−26.4 to 116.3) | 0.264 | |
Adults and children | 0.20 (0.17 to 0.23) | 0.30 (0.25 to 0.34) | 0.10 (0.04 to 0.15) | 47.9 (17.3 to 82.1) | 0.001 | ||
p-value | 0.937 | ||||||
Income tertile | Lowest | 0.33 (0.22 to 0.44) | 0.42 (0.31 to 0.54) | 0.10 (−0.06 to 0.25) | 28.9 (−19.6 to 92.3) | 0.229 | |
Middle | 0.20 (0.16 to 0.24) | 0.30 (0.23 to 0.37) | 0.10 (0.02 to 0.18) | 47.9 (5.1 to 97.6) | 0.018 | ||
Highest | 0.17 (0.14 to 0.20) | 0.29 (0.23 to 0.36) | 0.13 (0.05 to 0.20) | 75.7 (27.1 to 130.3) | 0.001 | ||
p-value | 0.716 | ||||||
Island | Outer islands | 0.14 (0.08 to 0.20) | 0.21 (0.17 to 0.25) | 0.07 (0.00 to 0.14) | 48.7 (−11.8 to 139.3) | 0.065 | |
Tongatapu (main island) | 0.27 (0.22 to 0.33) | 0.38 (0.31 to 0.45) | 0.11 (0.02 to 0.19) | 39.4 (5.2 to 79.2) | 0.014 | ||
p-value | 0.498 | ||||||
Bottled water | Total | All | 0.07 (0.00 to 0.13) | 0.23 (0.18 to 0.29) | 0.16 (0.08 to 0.25) | 234.3 (−63.5 to 1072.1) | < 0.001 |
Age | Adults only | 0.16 (−0.08 to 0.40) | 0.29 (0.18 to 0.41) | 0.13 (− 0.14 to 0.40) | 80 (644 to − 4542) | 0.336 | |
Adults and children | 0.04 (0.03 to 0.05) | 0.21 (0.16 to 0.25) | 0.17 (0.12 to 0.22) | 479 (284 to 723) | < 0.001 | ||
p-value | 0.775 | ||||||
Income tertile | Lowest | 0.13 (−0.06 to 0.32) | 0.23 (0.15 to 0.32) | 0.11 (−0.10 to 0.31) | 83 (666 to − 4527) | 0.311 | |
Middle | 0.03 (0.02 to 0.05) | 0.23 (0.12 to 0.35) | 0.20 (0.09 to 0.31) | 603 (200 to 1166) | < 0.001 | ||
Highest | 0.05 (0.03 to 0.06) | 0.22 (0.17 to 0.28) | 0.18 (0.12 to 0.23) | 397 (217 to 637) | < 0.001 | ||
p-value | 0.495 | ||||||
Island | Outer islands | 0.01 (0.00 to 0.01) | 0.13 (0.09 to 0.16) | 0.12 (0.08 to 0.16) | 1962 (− 282 to 9346) | < 0.001 | |
Tongatapu (main island) | 0.10 (0.00 to 0.19) | 0.27 (0.20 to 0.35) | 0.17 (0.05 to 0.29) | 179 (−81 to 939) | 0.004 | ||
p-value | 0.397 | ||||||