Table 5 Changes in beverage expenditure as a proportion of the food budget in Tonga from 2009 to 2015/16

Soft drinks (taxed in 2013)

Total

All

1.39 (1.24 to 1.55)

1.32 (1.07 to 1.58)

−0.07 (− 0.37 to 0.22)

−5.2 (− 25.7 to 16.5)

0.633

Age

Adults only

1.86 (1.43 to 2.29)

1.58 (0.89 to 2.27)

−0.28 (− 1.10 to 0.53)

−15.2 (− 55.1 to 29.5)

0.497

Adults and children

1.23 (1.10 to 1.36)

1.22 (1.02 to 1.42)

−0.01 (− 0.24 to 0.23)

−0.6 (− 19.4 to 19.3)

0.953

p-value

0.525

Income tertile

Lowest

1.09 (0.88 to 1.29)

0.80 (0.60 to 0.99)

−0.29 (− 0.57 to − 0.01)

− 26.7 (− 47.8 to − 3.0)

0.041

Middle

1.27 (1.05 to 1.49)

1.35 (1.02 to 1.67)

0.08 (− 0.31 to 0.47)

6.4 (−23.7 to 39.8)

0.687

Highest

1.83 (1.49 to 2.17)

1.71 (1.12 to 2.30)

−0.12 (− 0.80 to 0.56)

−6.6 (− 41.7 to 31.8)

0.727

p-value

0.652

Island

Outer islands

0.61 (0.49 to 0.72)

0.46 (0.35 to 0.57)

−0.14 (− 0.30 to 0.01)

− 23.9 (− 45.7 to 0.7)

0.073

Tongatapu (main island)

1.75 (1.53 to 1.97)

1.66 (1.31 to 2.01)

−0.09 (− 0.50 to 0.33)

−5.1 (− 27.8 to 19.1)

0.676

p-value

0.804

Milk

Total

All

0.87 (0.77 to 0.97)

1.68 (1.44 to 1.93)

0.82 (0.55 to 1.08)

94.2 (59.4 to 131.7)

< 0.001

Age

Adults only

0.81 (0.61 to 1.00)

2.02 (1.45 to 2.59)

1.21 (0.61 to 1.81)

150.2 (64.1 to 251.4)

< 0.001

Adults and children

0.89 (0.77 to 1.01)

1.55 (1.33 to 1.78)

0.66 (0.41 to 0.92)

74.7 (41.6 to 111.2)

< 0.001

p-value

0.099

Income tertile

Lowest

0.67 (0.51 to 0.82)

1.09 (0.85 to 1.33)

0.42 (0.14 to 0.71)

63.4 (14.8 to 121.2)

0.004

Middle

0.85 (0.68 to 1.03)

1.58 (1.25 to 1.91)

0.73 (0.35 to 1.10)

85.1 (33.8 to 144.7)

< 0.001

Highest

1.08 (0.89 to 1.26)

2.24 (1.73 to 2.74)

1.16 (0.62 to 1.70)

107.8 (51.3 to 170.9)

< 0.001

p-value

0.018

Island

Outer islands

0.41 (0.30 to 0.53)

0.83 (0.57 to 1.09)

0.42 (0.14 to 0.70)

100.8 (24.4 to 193.5)

0.004

Tongatapu (main island)

1.07 (0.93 to 1.21)

2.02 (1.70 to 2.34)

0.95 (0.60 to 1.30)

88.6 (51.5 to 128.7)

< 0.001

p-value

0.020

Bottled water

Total

All

0.21 (0.14 to 0.28)

1.31 (0.78 to 1.85)

1.11 (0.56 to 1.65)

532.5 (230.7 to 906.0)

< 0.001

Age

Adults only

0.25 (0.13 to 0.38)

1.92 (0.45 to 3.39)

1.66 (0.19 to 3.14)

653 (49 to 1454)

0.027

Adults and children

0.19 (0.12 to 0.26)

1.08 (0.83 to 1.33)

0.89 (0.62 to 1.15)

464 (249 to 760)

< 0.001

p-value

0.309

Income tertile

Lowest

0.09 (0.05 to 0.14)

0.73 (0.50 to 0.95)

0.63 (0.40 to 0.86)

665 (298 to 1218)

< 0.001

Middle

0.16 (0.06 to 0.26)

0.96 (0.70 to 1.22)

0.80 (0.52 to 1.08)

507 (159 to 1155)

< 0.001

Highest

0.37 (0.19 to 0.55)

2.10 (0.87 to 3.33)

1.73 (0.49 to 2.97)

468 (91 to 997)

0.006

p-value

0.087

Island

Outer islands

0.01 (0.01 to 0.02)

0.44 (0.31 to 0.56)

0.42 (0.30 to 0.55)

2811 (1188 to 5724)

< 0.001

Tongatapu (main island)

0.29 (0.20 to 0.39)

1.66 (0.92 to 2.40)

1.37 (0.62 to 2.12)

464 (177 to 817)

< 0.001

p-value

0.015