Table 4 Changes in per capita beverage expenditure in Tonga from 2009 to 2015/16
Characteristic | Mean expenditure (2015/2016 T$/person/year) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2009 | 2015/16 | Absolute difference | Relative change (%) | Diff. p-value | |||
Soft drinks (taxed in 2013) | Total | All | 37.9 (31.1 to 44.7) | 29.6 (22.5 to 36.8) | −8.2 (−18.1 to 1.6) | −21.8 (− 44.1 to 3.2) | 0.102 |
Age | Adults only | 67.1 (43.9 to 90.3) | 47.5 (26.2 to 68.8) | −19.7 (−51.2 to 11.8) | −29.3 (− 65.7 to 16.3) | 0.221 | |
Adults and children | 27.5 (24.0 to 31.0) | 22.7 (18.4 to 26.9) | −4.8 (−10.4 to 0.7) | −17.6 (−35.7 to 1.9) | 0.087 | ||
p-value | 0.364 | ||||||
Income tertile | Lowest | 18.5 (14.5 to 22.5) | 11.6 (7.1 to 16.1) | −6.9 (−12.9 to − 0.9) | −37.3 (− 63.6 to −7.9) | 0.024 | |
Middle | 27.1 (23.0 to 31.2) | 28.1 (17.0 to 39.2) | 1.0 (−10.8 to 12.8) | 3.6 (−39.0 to 48.8) | 0.870 | ||
Highest | 68.0 (49.0 to 87.0) | 45.2 (30.9 to 59.5) | −22.8 (−46.6 to 1.0) | −33.6 (−59.4 to − 2.2) | 0.060 | ||
p-value | 0.203 | ||||||
Island | Outer islands | 16.4 (12.7 to 20.1) | 12.5 (8.8 to 16.2) | −3.9 (−9.2 to 1.4) | −23.8 (−50.6 to 7.1) | 0.147 | |
Tongatapu (main island) | 47.6 (37.8 to 57.3) | 36.4 (26.5 to 46.3) | −11.2 (−25.0 to 2.7) | −23.5 (−48.0 to 4.4) | 0.114 | ||
p-value | 0.337 | ||||||
Milk | Total | All | 22.7 (19.7 to 25.8) | 35.4 (28.7 to 42.2) | 12.7 (5.2 to 20.1) | 55.7 (20.6 to 93.6) | 0.001 |
Age | Adults only | 32.4 (24.4 to 40.3) | 56.4 (39.2 to 73.5) | 24.0 (5.1 to 42.9) | 74.0 (10.7 to 148.4) | 0.013 | |
Adults and children | 19.3 (16.4 to 22.2) | 27.2 (22.4 to 32.0) | 7.9 (2.3 to 13.5) | 40.8 (9.8 to 75.1) | 0.006 | ||
p-value | 0.110 | ||||||
Income tertile | Lowest | 10.8 (8.1 to 13.5) | 13.9 (10.2 to 17.5) | 3.0 (−1.5 to 7.6) | 28.2 (− 15.3 to 80.5) | 0.193 | |
Middle | 17.5 (14.1 to 21.0) | 28.1 (21.5 to 34.6) | 10.5 (3.1 to 18.0) | 59.9 (13.7 to 112.8) | 0.006 | ||
Highest | 39.9 (32.2 to 47.5) | 59.0 (43.2 to 74.8) | 19.2 (1.6 to 36.7) | 48.1 (1.8 to 100.0) | 0.032 | ||
p-value | 0.082 | ||||||
Island | Outer islands | 12.7 (8.6 to 16.8) | 16.9 (12.6 to 21.2) | 4.1 (−1.8 to 10.1) | 32.5 (− 16.3 to 96.0) | 0.171 | |
Tongatapu (main island) | 27.3 (23.2 to 31.3) | 42.7 (33.6 to 51.8) | 15.5 (5.5 to 25.4) | 56.7 (17.6 to 99.4) | 0.002 | ||
p-value | 0.056 | ||||||
Bottled water | Total | All | 6.0 (3.4 to 8.6) | 26.6 (20.9 to 32.3) | 20.5 (14.3 to 26.8) | 341.1 (155.7 to 621.0) | < 0.001 |
Age | Adults only | 12.3 (3.5 to 21.2) | 42.8 (29.5 to 56.0) | 30.4 (14.5 to 46.4) | 247 (18 to 721) | < 0.001 | |
Adults and children | 3.8 (2.7 to 4.8) | 20.2 (15.5 to 25.0) | 16.4 (11.6 to 21.3) | 435 (257 to 658) | < 0.001 | ||
p-value | 0.100 | ||||||
Income tertile | Lowest | 4.7 (−1.6 to 11.1) | 10.4 (6.8 to 14.1) | 5.7 (−1.6 to 13.0) | 121 (− 964 to 6401) | 0.126 | |
Middle | 3.3 (1.4 to 5.3) | 17.8 (12.4 to 23.2) | 14.4 (8.7 to 20.2) | 433 (134 to 963) | < 0.001 | ||
Highest | 10.0 (6.1 to 13.9) | 47.3 (35.8 to 58.8) | 37.3 (25.1 to 49.4) | 373 (182 to 645) | < 0.001 | ||
p-value | < 0.001 | ||||||
Island | Outer islands | 0.4 (0.2 to 0.6) | 13.8 (8.9 to 18.8) | 13.5 (8.5 to 18.5) | 3678 (1530 to 7300) | < 0.001 | |
Tongatapu (main island) | 8.6 (4.8 to 12.4) | 31.6 (23.9 to 39.2) | 23.0 (14.5 to 31.5) | 269 (107 to 512) | < 0.001 | ||
p-value | 0.059 | ||||||