Total (n=360) | Intervention group (n=194) | Control group (n=164) | P value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic characteristics | ||||
Women, % (n) | 81.39 (293) | 82.65 (162) | 79.88 (131) | 0.500 |
Age, in years, mean (SD) | 73.63 (6.92) | 73.41 (6.92) | 73.88 (7.02) | 0.531 |
Education level, % (n) (without or only primary studies) | 82.23 (296) | 84.18 (165) | 79.88 (131) | 0.548 |
Born in the same city where currently living, % (n) | 21.39 (77) | 23.47 (46) | 18.90 (31) | 0.301 |
Marital status | 0.369 | |||
Widow, % (n) | 41.11 (148) | 44.39 (87) | 37.20 (61) | |
Years of widowhood, median (Q1-Q3) | 7,8 (3–15) | 6 (3–14) | 10 (3–16.5) | |
Same tabulation as "marital status" Living alone, % (n) | 40.83 (147) | 40.31 (79) | 41.46 (68) | 0.715 |
Same tabulation as "marital status" Caring for other people, % (n) | 46.94 (169) | 50.51 (99) | 42.68 (70) | 0.198 |
Health status | ||||
Self-perceived health (SF-12-1)a, % (n) | 0.291 | |||
Very good | 0.28 (1) | 0.51 (1) | 0 (0) | |
Good | 2.22 (8) | 1.02 (2) | 3.66% (6) | |
Fair | 77.78 (280) | 78.06 (153) | 77.44% (127) | |
Poor | 19.72 (71) | 20.41 (40) | 18.90% (31) | |
Self-perceived health (EQ-5D VAS)b, mean (SD) | 51.31 (18.59) | 49.97 (18.62) | 52.89 (18.48) | 0.140 |
SF-12a Physical component, mean (SD) | 36.49 (9.55) | 36.59 (9.62) | 36.36 (9.50) | 0.829 |
SF-12a Mental component, mean (SD) | 40.04 (13.49) | 38.38 (14.11) | 42.02 (12.44) | 0.013* |
Self-management (ASA-R)c, mean (SD) | 67.94 (12.06) | 66.93 (12.07) | 69.30 (11.97) | 0.124 |
Psychosocial characteristics | ||||
Social support | ||||
Extension of social networkd, median (Q1-Q3) | 4 (3.5–5) | 4 (3–5) | 4 (4–5) | 0.288 |
Emotional supporte, median (Q1-Q3) | 3 (2–4) | 3 (2–4) | 3 (2–4) | 0.872 |
Instrumental supporte, median (Q1-Q3) | 1 (0–1) | 1 (0–1) | 1 (0–1) | 0.421 |
Informational supporte, median (Q1-Q3) | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 0.062 |
Social participationf, % (n) | 0.950 | |||
Low | 29.44 (106) | 28.57 (56) | 30.49 (50) | |
Moderate | 43.06 (155) | 46.43 (91) | 39.02 (64) | |
High | 21.94 (79) | 19.39 (38) | 25.00 (41) | |
Same tabulation as "social participation" Emotional Wellbeing (WEMWBS)g, mean (SD) | 53.78 (8.94) | 52.93 (8.65) | 54.91 (9.24) | 0.135 |
Loneliness intensityh (De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale), % (n) | 0.508 | |||
Without loneliness | 33.61 (121) | 32.65 (64) | 34.76 (57) | |
Moderate | 63.06 (227) | 63.27 (124) | 62.80 (103) | |
Severe | 2.50 (9) | 3.57 (7) | 1.22 (2) | |
Very severe | 0.56 (2) | 0.51 (1) | 0.61 (1) | |
Same tabulation as "social participation" Depressive symptomatology (GDS-5)i, % (n) | 57.22 (206) | 59.69 (117) | 54.27 (89) | 0.505 |
Number of chronic diseases, median (Q1-Q3) | 5 (3–8) | 5 (3–8) | 5 (3.75–8) | 0.913 |
Number of chronic medications, median (Q1-Q3) | 6 (4–8) | 6 (4–8) | 6 (4–8) | 0.493 |
Anxiolytics consumption, % (n) | 42.22 (152) | 45.92 (90) | 37.80 (62) | 0.300 |
Antidepressants consumption, % (n) | 30.28 (109) | 37.24 (73) | 21.95 (36) | 0.006** |
Use of health services (last 12 months) | ||||
Visits to nurse, median (Q1-Q3) | 5.5 (2–10) | 5 (2–9) | 6 (3–11) | 0.088 |
Visits to general practitioner, median (Q1-Q3) | 9 (5–13) | 9 (5–13) | 8 (5–13) | 0.912 |
Visits to emergency units, median (Q1-Q3) | 0 (0–1) | 0.5 (0–2) | 0 (0–1) | 0.120 |