Table 5 Univariate and Multivariate logistic regression for perception
From: Knowledge, attitude and perception of Pakistanis towards COVID-19; a large cross-sectional survey
Odds ratio (95% CI) | p value | |
UNIVARIATE ANALYSIS | ||
Age | ||
15–19 | 1.0 | |
20–29 | 1.80 (1.03–3.15) | 0.03* |
30–39 | 0.86 (0.47–1.57) | 0.63 |
40–49 | 1.006 (0.51–1.95) | 0.98 |
50–59 | 0.83 (0.42–1.61) | 0.58 |
60+ | 0.66 (0.33–1.31) | 0.23 |
Gender | ||
Male | 1.0 | |
Female | 2.09 (1.51–2.90) | < 0.001* |
Marital status | ||
Married | 1.0 | |
Single | 1.84 (1.33–2.55) | < 0.001* |
Education | ||
No education | 1.0 | |
Primary school | 1.02 (0.35–2.92) | 0.96 |
Secondary school | 5.17 (2.21–12.09) | < 0.001* |
Bachelor degree | 9.33 (4.16–20.90) | < 0.001* |
Higher education | 8.87 (3.73–21.09) | < 0.001* |
Student | ||
No | 1.0 | |
Yes | 1.72 (1.20–2.45) | 0.003* |
Type of job n = 646 | ||
Non-healthcare | 1.0 | |
Healthcare | 4.89 (2.32–10.31) | < 0.001* |
Lost job due to COVID- | ||
19 | 1.0 | |
No | 0.98 (0.53–1.79) | 0.95 |
Yes | ||
Province of residence | ||
Sindh | 1.0 | |
Punjab | 2.50 (1.38–4.51) | 0.002* |
Balochistan | 4.97 (0.67–36.93) | 0.11 |
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | 0.83 (0.38–1.84) | 0.65 |
Gilgit and Baltistan | 2.29 (0.29–17.78) | 0.42 |
Smoking status | ||
Smoker | 1.0 | |
Never smoker | 1.31 (0.82–2.10) | 0.24 |
Quit smoking | 0.79 (0.43–1.47) | 0.47 |
Adjusted Odds ratio (95% CI) | p value | |
MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | ||
Gender | ||
Male | 1.0 | |
Female | 2.07 (1.25–3.44) | 0.004* |
Education | ||
No education | 1.0 | |
Primary school | 1.42 (0.46–4.41) | 0.53 |
Secondary school | 3.51 (1.06–11.52) | 0.03* |
Bachelor degree | 5.53 (2.29–13.35) | < 0.001* |
Higher education | 7.74 (3.003–19.99) | < 0.001* |
Type of job | ||
Non-healthcare | 1.0 | |
Healthcare | 2.90 (1.32–6.39) | 0.008* |