Fig. 1

Diagram for the calculation of QALE. CHARLS (2011), baseline data of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study; PSM, propensity score matching; HR, hazard ratio; LE, life expectancy; QALE, quality-adjusted life expectancy
Diagram for the calculation of QALE. CHARLS (2011), baseline data of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study; PSM, propensity score matching; HR, hazard ratio; LE, life expectancy; QALE, quality-adjusted life expectancy