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Table 3 Impact of changes in lifestyle, overweight, and psychological status on incidence of constipation

From: Lifestyle, psychological stress, and incidence of adolescent constipation: results from the Toyama birth cohort study

 

n = 5540

constipation

univariate

multivariate

 

Baseline to 3 years later

%

OR

95%CI

OR

95%CI

P

Breakfast

every day to everyday

4.3

1

 

1

  
 

every day to skipping

8.6

2.09

(1.47–2.97)

1.73

(1.20–2.49)

0.003

 

skipping to every day

3.3

0.77

(0.34–1.76)

0.72

(0.31–1.67)

0.442

 

skipping to skipping

7.1

1.72

(0.94–3.14)

1.51

(0.81–2.81)

0.199

Exercise

active to active

3.8

1

 

1

  
 

active to inactive

7.3

2.01

(1.49–2.70)

1.55

(1.14–2.11)

0.006

 

inactive to active

3.5

0.93

(0.57–1.53)

0.92

(0.56–1.52)

0.743

 

inactive to inactive

6.1

1.66

(1.17–2.35)

1.42

(0.98–2.04)

0.057

Sleep

not short to not short

4.3

1

 

1

  
 

not short to short

6.6

1.57

(1.16–2.14)

1.26

(0.92–1.72)

0.228

 

short to not short

5.6

1.34

(0.72–2.51)

1.26

(0.67–2.39)

0.478

 

short to short

5.7

1.36

(0.63–2.97)

1.07

(0.48–2.37)

0.865

TV

< 3 to < 3

4.1

1

 

1

  

(hour)

< 3 to ≥3

5.2

1.30

(0.86–1.99)

1.10

(0.71–1.70)

0.663

 

≥3 to < 3

5.3

1.34

(0.99–1.79)

1.21

(0.90–1.64)

0.211

 

≥3 to ≥3

6.0

1.52

(1.03–2.22)

1.21

(0.81–1.80)

0.354

Overweight

normal to normal

5.0

  

1

  
 

normal to overweight

5.6

1.13

(0.67–1.91)

1.06

(0.62–1.81)

0.833

 

overweight to normal

5.2

1.04

(0.60–1.82)

0.89

(0.50–1.56)

0.678

 

overweight to overweight

2.1

0.41

(0.23–0.75)

0.39

(0.21–0.70)

0.002

Irritability

rare to rare

2.5

1

 

1

  
 

rare to not rare

4.7

1.91

(1.07–3.42)

1.62

(0.90–2.94)

0.111

 

not rare to rare

3.0

1.20

(0.64–2.34)

1.19

(0.62–2.30)

0.597

 

not rare to not rare

5.6

2.33

(1.36–3.98)

1.80

(1.03–3.13)

0.039

Unwilling to attend school, rare to rare

3.9

1

 

1

1

 
 

rare to not rare

5.3

1.37

(0.98–1.91)

1.08

(0.76–1.52)

0.683

 

not rare to rare

3.8

0.96

(0.66–1.40)

0.88

(0.60–1.30)

0.509

 

not rare to not rare

7.1

1.86

(1.35–2.56)

1.35

(0.96–1.90)

0.093

Interact with parents, not rare to not rare

4.4

1

 

1

  
 

not rare to rare

5.1

1.15

(0.85–1.56)

1.20

(0.88–1.64)

0.254

 

rare to not rare

4.3

0.97

(0.63–1.51)

1.04

(0.67–1.62)

0.858

 

rare to rare

5.0

1.14

(0.81–1.59)

1.23

(0.87–1.74)

0.247

  1. In multivariate model, sex and frequency of fruits and vegetable at baseline (phase 3) were also adjusted
  2. OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval
  3. Variables with a significant relationship to constipation are shown in bold