Table 2 Bivariate Analysis Results: Sociodemographic and household characteristics, family and social support factors, and participants’ psychological wellbeing by age groups
Variable | Total Sample (N = 1260) Mean (SD) | 14–15 years (n = 718) Mean (SD) | 16–17 years (n = 542) Mean (SD) | χ2/t-test |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Orphan hood Status (%, n) | ||||
 Orphan | 17.06 (215) | 17.27 (124) | 16.79 (91) | 0.05 |
 Non - orphan | 82.94 (1045) | 82.72 (594) | 83.21 (451) |  |
Primary Caregiver (%, n) | ||||
 Biological parent | 76.59 (965) | 75.91 (545) | 77.49 (420) | 1.88 |
 Grandparent | 11.11 (140) | 10.72 (77) | 11.62 (63) |  |
 Other relative | 12.30 (155) | 13.37 (96) | 10.89 (59) |  |
Household size | ||||
 Number of people in HH (min/max: 2–31) | 7.00 (2.71) | 6.88 (2.78) | 7.16 (6.94) | −1.81 |
 Number of children in HH (min/max: 0–13) | 3.49 (2.10) | 3.39 (2.01) | 3.64 (3.45) | −2.02* |
 Family assets (min/max: 0–20) | 11.46 (3.26) | 11.32 (3.29) | 11.64 (3.21) | −1.71 |
Family support factors | ||||
 Family cohesion (min/max:7–35) | 26.58 (5.69) | 26.61 (5.73) | 26.53 (5.66) | 0.25 |
 Family care and relationship (min/max: 9–30) | 24.74 (4.27) | 25.28 (4.09) | 24.01 (4.41) | 5.27*** |
 Perceived child-caregiver support (min/max: 29–81) | 56.85 (6.73) | 57.16 (6.72) | 56.44 (6.72) | 1.85 |
Social support from multiple sources | ||||
 Guardian (min/max: 9–30) | 23.66 (4.19) | 23.93 (4.12) | 23.29 (4.25) | 2.67** |
 Classmate (min/max: 7–25) | 17.78 (3.52) | 17.87 (3.55) | 17.67 (3.47) | 1.01 |
 Teacher (min/max:10–30) | 22.85 (4.23) | 23.11 (4.22) | 22.49 (4.21) | 2.58** |
 Friend/peer (min/max: 26–65) | 51.63 (7.61) | 51.91 (7.51) | 51.27 (7.74) | 1.48 |
Psychological wellbeing | ||||
 Tennessee Self – Concept (min/max: 44–100) | 80.84 (11.98) | 81.79 (11.75) | 79.58 (12.17) | 3.26*** |
 Beck’s Hopelessness Scale (min/max: 0–16) | 4.20 (2.97) | 3.96 (2.90) | 4.53 (3.04) | −3.41*** |
 Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale (min/max: 16–40) | 34.00 (4.57) | 34.20 (4.53) | 33.75 (4.63) | 1.62 |