Table 2 Rate of stunting and underweight by predictors
From: Planning of births and childhood undernutrition in Nepal: evidence from a 2016 national survey
Variables | Stunting (%) | 95% CI | p-value | Underweight (%) | 95% CI | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 35.8 | 33.4,38.3 | 27.1 | 24.7,29.7 | ||
Planning of births | ||||||
Order 1 & < 12 month of IBMFB | 36.7 | 29.6,44.5 | p = 0.000 | 19.1 | 13.7,25.9 | p = 0.000 |
Order 1 & 12–24 months of IBMFB | 28.6 | 24.0,33.6 | 24.6 | 20.0,29.9 | ||
Order 1 & 25–36 months of IBMFB | 30.7 | 23.3,39.3 | 23.5 | 16.2,32.8 | ||
Order 1 & > 36 months of IBMFB | 25.0 | 18.2,33.3 | 16.9 | 10.9,25.3 | ||
Order 2–3 & < =24 months of IBBSB | 41.5 | 35.2,48.2 | 32.3 | 26.2,39.0 | ||
Order 2–3 & > 24 months of IBBSB | 34.1 | 30.5,38.0 | 24.7 | 21.2,28.5 | ||
Order > 3 & < =24 months of IBBSB | 52.7 | 41.5,63.5 | 41.1 | 30.9,52.1 | ||
Order > 3 & > 24 months of IBBSB | 46.8 | 40.0,53.6 | 40.4 | 33.2,47.9 | ||
Mother’s age at marriage in years | ||||||
< 15 | 42.4 | 36.4,48.6 | p = 0.001 | 33.4 | 27.7,39.7 | p = 0.009 |
15–19 | 37.5 | 34.5,40.5 | 28 | 25.4,30.7 | ||
20–24 | 27.0 | 23.1,31.2 | 21.4 | 17.0,26.5 | ||
25–40 | 32.4 | 20.3,47.5 | 21.2 | 12.3,34.1 | ||
Mother’s current age in years | ||||||
15–19 | 37.8 | 29.6,46.8 | P = 0.022 | 25.6 | 19.3,33.3 | p = 0.052 |
20–24 | 31.6 | 28.1,35.2 | 22.9 | 19.8,26.2 | ||
25–29 | 34.9 | 30.4,39.7 | 29.5 | 25.2,34.1 | ||
30–34 | 42.1 | 36.2,48.2 | 30.4 | 25.2,36.2 | ||
35–49 | 42.6 | 34.8,50.7 | 30.3 | 23.4,38.3 | ||
Mother’s BMI | ||||||
Normal | 36.2 | 33.5,38.9 | p = 0.000 | 26.4 | 23.6,29.4 | p = 0.000 |
Underweight | 44.5 | 38.6,50.5 | 42.7 | 36.8,48.9 | ||
Obese | 23.8 | 18.8,29.7 | 10.7 | 7.6,14.9 | ||
Mother’s anemia | ||||||
Not anemic | 35.7 | 32.4,39.0 | p = 0.927 | 24.9 | 21.9,28.0 | p = 0.017 |
Anemic | 35.9 | 32.6,39.3 | 29.7 | 26.5,33.1 | ||
Caste | ||||||
Brahmin/Chettri | 34.7 | 31.1,38.6 | p = 0.044 | 24.1 | 21.0,27.5 | p = 0.000 |
Terai/Madhesi other | 41.9 | 36.3,47.6 | 37.1 | 32.2,42.4 | ||
Dalit | 39.1 | 32.6,46.0 | 30.8 | 24.5,37.8 | ||
Newar/Janajatis | 31.7 | 27.2,36.5 | 20.0 | 16.0,24.6 | ||
Muslim/other | 34.7 | 27.2,43.0 | 33.8 | 21.8,48.4 | ||
Mother’s education | ||||||
Illiterate | 45.8 | 41.9,49.8 | p = 0.000 | 36.8 | 32.5,41.3 | p = 0.000 |
Primary | 36.7 | 32.2,41.5 | 27.9 | 23.7,32.5 | ||
Secondary | 30.2 | 26.9,33.7 | 21.4 | 18.2,24.9 | ||
Higher | 22.4 | 17.6,28.1 | 14.8 | 11.0,19.7 | ||
Father’s education | ||||||
Illiterate | 46.3 | 39.9,52.8 | p = 0.000 | 38.1 | 32.3,44.3 | p = 0.000 |
Primary | 40.3 | 35.6,45.2 | 30.2 | 25.3,35.7 | ||
Secondary | 33.9 | 30.7,37.3 | 24.8 | 21.8,28.0 | ||
Higher | 25.3 | 20.6,30.7 | 19.6 | 15.4,24.7 | ||
Mother’s education | ||||||
Not working | 30.0 | 26.5,33.8 | p = 0.000 | 24.9 | 21.2,29.0 | p = 0.054 |
Agriculture | 40.6 | 37.2,44.0 | 30.2 | 26.9,33.6 | ||
Paid jobs | 36.8 | 30.5,43.5 | 23.3 | 17.9,29.8 | ||
Wealth quintile | ||||||
Poorest | 49.1 | 44.2,54.1 | p = 0.000 | 33.0 | 28.2,38.3 | p = 0.000 |
Poorer | 38.3 | 33.6,43.2 | 27.8 | 23.3,32.8 | ||
Middle | 35.4 | 30.3,40.9 | 32.8 | 27.4,38.5 | ||
Richer | 32.4 | 27.6,37.5 | 23.6 | 19.2,28.6 | ||
Richest | 17.6 | 13.2,23.0 | 12.9 | 8.7,18.7 | ||
Exposure to mass media (newspaper/radio/television) | ||||||
Not at all | 50.5 | 45.7,55.3 | p = 0.000 | 39.7 | 34.0,45.7 | p = 0.000 |
Less than once a week | 32.1 | 28.9,35.4 | 22.9 | 20.1,26.1 | ||
At least once a week | 30.4 | 27.0,33.9 | 24.0 | 20.5,27.9 | ||
Sex of the children | ||||||
Male | 35.9 | 32.8,39.1 | p = 0.953 | 27.0 | 24.2,30.0 | p = 0.921 |
Female | 35.8 | 32.4,39.3 | 27.2 | 24.0,30.8 | ||
Age of the children | ||||||
0–11 months | 16.4 | 12.7,20.8 | p = 0.000 | 18.5 | 14.8,23.0 | P = 0.001 |
12–23 months | 37.7 | 32.7,43.0 | 28.9 | 24.2,34.1 | ||
24–35 months | 44.8 | 40.0,49.7 | 31.1 | 26.5,36.0 | ||
36–47 months | 39.8 | 35.0,44.8 | 26.5 | 22.3,31.2 | ||
48–59 months | 40.8 | 35.3,46.4 | 30.7 | 25.8,36.1 | ||
Place of residence | ||||||
Urban | 31.9 | 28.7,35.3 | p = 0.001 | 23.6 | 20.7,26.9 | p = 0.005 |
Rural | 40.2 | 36.6,44.0 | 31.0 | 27.1,35.1 | ||
Ecological region | ||||||
Mountain | 46.8 | 38.8,54.9 | p = 0.011 | 28.2 | 21.2,36.6 | p = 0.000 |
Hill | 32.7 | 29.1,36.6 | 18.8 | 15.9,22.0 | ||
Terai | 36.5 | 33.2,40.0 | 32.4 | 29.0,36.0 | ||
Province | ||||||
Province 1 | 32.7 | 27.1,38.8 | p = 0.001 | 24.4 | 18.4,31.5 | p = 0.000 |
Province 2 | 36.6 | 32.8,40.6 | 36.6 | 31.6,42.0 | ||
Province 3 | 30.7 | 23.9,38.5 | 14.5 | 9.2,22.1 | ||
Province 4 | 29.0 | 22.1,37.0 | 15.4 | 10.6,22.0 | ||
Province 5 | 38.0 | 31.0,45.5 | 27.2 | 21.9,33.3 | ||
Province 6 | 54.9 | 48.6,61.1 | 36.4 | 30.8,42.4 | ||
Province 7 | 35.4 | 29.4,42.0 | 27.2 | 22.8,32.1 | ||
Household food security | ||||||
Food secure | 29.7 | 26.2,33.5 | p = 0.000 | 22.4 | 19.1,26.2 | p = 0.003 |
Mild food insecure | 35.7 | 31.4,40.2 | 27.4 | 23.4,31.9 | ||
Moderate food insecure | 41.4 | 36.7,46.2 | 31.1 | 26.9,35.6 | ||
Severe food insecure | 46.4 | 38.3,54.7 | 34.9 | 26.5,44.4 | ||