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Table 2 Bias Coding for Included Studies

From: A systematic review of interventions to increase attendance at health and fitness venues: identifying key behaviour change techniques

 

Random sequence generation (Selection Bias)

Allocation concealment (Selection bias)

Blinding of participants and personnel (Performance bias)

Blinding of outcome assessment (Detection bias)

Incomplete outcome data (Attrition bias)

Selective reporting (Reporting bias)

Other sources of bias (Other bias)

Annesi (2002) [19]

Low

Low

Unclear

Low

Low

Low

Low

Calzolari et al. (2017) [20]

High

High

Unclear

Low

Low

High

Low

Carrera et al. (2017) [21]

Low

Low

Unclear

Low

Low

Low

Low

Carrera et al. (2018) [18]

Low

Low

Unclear

Low

Low

Low

Low

Courneya et al. (1997) [22]

Low

Low

Unclear

Low

Low

Low

Low

Estabrooks et al. (1996) [23]

Low

Low

Unclear

Low

Low

Low

Low

Marz (2017) [24]

Low

Low

Unclear

Low

High

Low

Low

Muller and Habla (2018) [17]

Low

Low

Unclear

Low

Low

Low

Low

Nigg et al. (1997)a [25]

Low

Low

Unclear

Low

Low

Low

Low

Nigg et al. (1997)b [26]

Low

Low

Unclear

Low

Low

Low

Low

Rohde et al. (2017) [27]

Low

Low

Unclear

Low

Low

Low

Low

Spangenberg (1997) [28]

Low

Low

Unclear

Low

Low

Low

Low

Thompson et al. (1980) [29]

Low

Low

Unclear

Low

Low

Low

Low

Wankel et al. (1977) [16]

Low

Low

Unclear

Low

Low

Low

Low