Random sequence generation (Selection Bias) | Allocation concealment (Selection bias) | Blinding of participants and personnel (Performance bias) | Blinding of outcome assessment (Detection bias) | Incomplete outcome data (Attrition bias) | Selective reporting (Reporting bias) | Other sources of bias (Other bias) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Annesi (2002) [19] | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Calzolari et al. (2017) [20] | High | High | Unclear | Low | Low | High | Low |
Carrera et al. (2017) [21] | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Carrera et al. (2018) [18] | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Courneya et al. (1997) [22] | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Estabrooks et al. (1996) [23] | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Marz (2017) [24] | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | High | Low | Low |
Muller and Habla (2018) [17] | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Nigg et al. (1997)a [25] | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Nigg et al. (1997)b [26] | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Rohde et al. (2017) [27] | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Spangenberg (1997) [28] | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Thompson et al. (1980) [29] | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Wankel et al. (1977) [16] | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Low |