Table 4 Subgroup logistic regression analyses of the fourteen chronic diseases, OR (95%CI)

unpaved roads

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

paved roads

1.00 (0.85–1.18)

1.13 (0.86–1.49)

1.05 (0.83–1.33)

0.76 (0.63–0.93)^**

0.91 (0.58–1.43)

0.74 (0.55–0.99)^*

0.86 (0.66–1.11)

others

1.06 (0.84–1.33)

0.75 (0.50–1.12)

0.90 (0.64–1.27)

0.93 (0.71–1.21)

0.80 (0.41–1.55)

0.87 (0.58–1.32)

1.09 (0.76–1.56)

urban (vs. rural)

1.05 (0.92–1.19)

0.95 (0.77–1.17)

1.03 (0.86–1.23)

1.09 (0.93–1.27)

0.80 (0.55–1.16)

1.02 (0.80–1.29)

1.13 (0.93–1.38)

characteristics

stroke

chronic kidney disease

digestive disease

mental problems

memory disease

arthritis or rheumatism

asthma

unpaved roads

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

paved roads

1.12 (0.74–1.69)

0.68 (0.51–0.89)^**

0.82 (0.69–0.97)^*

0.67 (0.43–1.07)

0.62 (0.38–1.01)

0.69 (0.55–0.87)^**

0.67 (0.51–0.88)^***

others

0.86 (0.47–1.57)

0.79 (0.53–1.16)

0.79 (0.63–1.01)

0.79 (0.41–1.51)

0.46 (0.21–1.00)

0.90 (0.65–1.23)

0.66 (0.44–0.98)^*

urban (vs. rural)

1.09 (0.80–1.49)

0.89 (0.71–1.12)

0.96 (0.84–1.10)

1.26 (0.86–1.84)

1.13 (0.76–1.68)

1.05 (0.88–1.26)

0.97 (0.77–1.23)