Table 1 Percentage distribution of children under age five years by selected background characteristics among urban poor and non-poor in India, 2005–06 and 2015–16.
From: Inequality in child undernutrition among urban population in India: a decomposition analysis
Variables | 2005–06 | 2015–16 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-poor | Poor | Non-poor | Poor | |||||
N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | |
Age (years) | ||||||||
 15–24 | 4502 | 32.9 | 607 | 39.2 | 12,235 | 27.0 | 2843 | 34.6 |
 25–34 | 8099 | 59.2 | 756 | 48.8 | 28,657 | 63.3 | 4443 | 54.1 |
 35+ | 1092 | 8.0 | 185 | 12.0 | 4374 | 9.7 | 931 | 11.3 |
Education | ||||||||
 No | 2711 | 19.8 | 1023 | 66.1 | 5357 | 11.8 | 3747 | 45.6 |
 Yes | 10,982 | 80.2 | 525 | 33.9 | 39,909 | 88.2 | 4470 | 54.4 |
Age at First Birth (years) | ||||||||
 Less than 18 | 2210 | 16.1 | 626 | 40.44 | 3503 | 7.7 | 1561 | 19.0 |
 18–30 | 11,002 | 80.4 | 910 | 58.8 | 40,202 | 88.8 | 6520 | 79.4 |
 More than 30 | 481 | 3.5 | 12 | 0.78 | 1561 | 3.5 | 136 | 1.7 |
Parity | ||||||||
 1 | 3577 | 26.1 | 223 | 14.4 | 14,131 | 31.2 | 1506 | 18.3 |
 2 | 5334 | 39.0 | 344 | 22.2 | 18,883 | 41.7 | 2515 | 30.6 |
 3 | 2423 | 17.7 | 300 | 19.4 | 7620 | 16.8 | 1901 | 23.1 |
 4+ | 2359 | 17.2 | 681 | 44.0 | 4632 | 10.2 | 2295 | 27.9 |
Anemia | ||||||||
 No | 7045 | 51.5 | 592 | 38.2 | 22,264 | 49.2 | 3312 | 40.3 |
 Yes | 6648 | 48.6 | 956 | 61.8 | 23,002 | 50.8 | 4905 | 59.7 |
Socio-economic factors | ||||||||
Caste | ||||||||
 SC/ST | 3406 | 24.9 | 565 | 36.5 | 12,103 | 26.7 | 3269 | 39.8 |
 Non-SC/ST | 10,287 | 75.1 | 983 | 63.5 | 33,163 | 73.3 | 4948 | 60.2 |
Religion | ||||||||
 Hindu | 9143 | 66.8 | 1013 | 65.4 | 29,762 | 65.8 | 5508 | 67.0 |
 Muslim | 2714 | 19.8 | 413 | 26.7 | 10,077 | 22.3 | 2024 | 24.6 |
 Others | 1836 | 13.4 | 122 | 7.9 | 5427 | 12.0 | 685 | 8.3 |
Child factors | ||||||||
Age (months) | ||||||||
 0–23 | 5115 | 37.4 | 576 | 37.2 | 17,199 | 38.0 | 3071 | 37.4 |
 24–47 | 5741 | 41.9 | 639 | 41.3 | 18,777 | 41.5 | 3399 | 41.4 |
 47–59 | 2837 | 20.7 | 333 | 21.5 | 9290 | 20.5 | 1747 | 21.3 |
Sex | ||||||||
 Male | 7223 | 52.8 | 748 | 48.3 | 23,666 | 52.3 | 4221 | 51.4 |
 Female | 6470 | 47.3 | 800 | 51.7 | 21,600 | 47.7 | 3996 | 48.6 |
Anemia | ||||||||
 No | 7208 | 52.6 | 604 | 39.0 | 23,501 | 51.9 | 3719 | 45.3 |
 Yes | 6485 | 47.4 | 944 | 61.0 | 21,765 | 48.1 | 4498 | 54.7 |
Diarrhea | ||||||||
 No | 12,409 | 90.6 | 1396 | 90.2 | 41,256 | 91.1 | 7411 | 90.2 |
 Yes | 1284 | 9.4 | 152 | 9.8 | 4010 | 8.9 | 806 | 9.8 |
Birth weight | ||||||||
 Normal | 12,003 | 87.7 | 1462 | 94.4 | 38,744 | 85.6 | 7086 | 86.2 |
 LBW | 1690 | 12.3 | 86 | 5.6 | 6522 | 14.4 | 1131 | 13.8 |
Colostrum feedinga | ||||||||
 No | 8925 | 65.2 | 1136 | 73.4 | 30,234 | 66.8 | 5634 | 68.6 |
 Yes | 4768 | 34.8 | 412 | 26.6 | 15,032 | 33.2 | 2583 | 31.4 |
Environmental factors | ||||||||
Source of drinking water | ||||||||
 Not Protected | 1097 | 8.0 | 211 | 13.6 | 3889 | 8.6 | 965 | 11.7 |
 Protected | 11,840 | 86.5 | 1259 | 81.3 | 39,039 | 86.2 | 6842 | 83.3 |
 Others | 756 | 5.5 | 78 | 5.0 | 2338 | 5.2 | 410 | 5.0 |
Defecation | ||||||||
 Open defecation | 1089 | 8.0 | 940 | 60.7 | 2725 | 6.0 | 4309 | 52.4 |
 Improved | 11,790 | 86.1 | 511 | 33.0 | 40,065 | 88.5 | 3456 | 42.1 |
 Others | 814 | 5.9 | 97 | 6.3 | 2476 | 5.5 | 452 | 5.5 |
Stool Disposal | ||||||||
 Yes | 11,382 | 83.1 | 824 | 53.2 | 36,300 | 80.2 | 4235 | 51.5 |
 No | 2308 | 16.9 | 724 | 46.8 | 8955 | 19.8 | 3982 | 48.5 |
Regions of India | ||||||||
 North | 3029 | 22.1 | 315 | 20.4 | 10,054 | 22.2 | 910 | 11.1 |
 Central | 2032 | 14.8 | 166 | 10.7 | 12,640 | 27.9 | 2632 | 32.0 |
 East | 563 | 4.1 | 25 | 1.6 | 4634 | 10.2 | 2324 | 28.3 |
 North East | 3023 | 22.1 | 361 | 23.3 | 5675 | 12.5 | 1165 | 14.2 |
 West | 2823 | 20.6 | 496 | 32.0 | 4745 | 10.5 | 547 | 6.7 |
 South | 2223 | 16.2 | 185 | 12.0 | 7518 | 16.6 | 639 | 7.8 |
Health seeking factors | ||||||||
Skilled birth attendanta | ||||||||
 No | 2987 | 21.8 | 986 | 63.7 | 3950 | 8.7 | 2148 | 26.1 |
 Yes | 10,706 | 78.2 | 562 | 36.3 | 41,316 | 91.3 | 6069 | 73.9 |
Place of deliverya | ||||||||
 Home | 3757 | 27.4 | 1084 | 70.0 | 4629 | 10.2 | 2428 | 29.6 |
 Institution | 9936 | 72.6 | 464 | 30.0 | 40,637 | 89.8 | 5789 | 70.5 |
Full Immunization | ||||||||
 No | 5643 | 41.2 | 1088 | 70.3 | 15,158 | 33.5 | 3713 | 45.2 |
 Yes | 8050 | 58.8 | 460 | 29.7 | 30,108 | 66.5 | 4504 | 54.8 |
Full ANCa | ||||||||
 No | 11,303 | 82.6 | 1494 | 96.5 | 35,184 | 77.7 | 7501 | 91.3 |
 Yes | 2378 | 17.4 | 54 | 3.5 | 10,082 | 22.3 | 716 | 8.7 |