Pulmonary function and factors associated with current smoking among the hill tribe populations in northern Thailand: a cross-sectional study

Mee-inta, Anongnad; Tamornpark, Ratipark; Yeemard, Fartima; Upala, Panupong; Apidechkul, Tawatchai

doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09857-1

Table 4 Univariate and multivariate analyses to identify factors associated with current smoking

From: Pulmonary function and factors associated with current smoking among the hill tribe populations in northern Thailand: a cross-sectional study

Characteristics	Current smoking				OR	95% CI	p-value	AOR	95% CI	p-value
	Yes		No
	n	%	n	%
Sex
Male	370	36.7	637	63.3	7.68	5.95–9.91	< 0.001*	7.52	5.53–10.24	< 0.001*
Female	85	7.0	1124	93.0	1.00			1.00
Age (years)
20–29	14	34.1	27	65.9	1.99	1.00–3.98	0.049*
30–39	78	17.0	380	83.0	0.79	0.56–1.11	0.182
40–49	148	20.6	569	79.4	1.00	0.74–1.35	0.988
50–59	133	22.1	469	77.9	1.09	0.80–1.49	0.575
≥ 60	82	20.6	316	79.4	1.00
Tribe
Akha	95	22.6	326	77.4	1.00
Lahu	89	23.0	298	77.0	1.02	0.73–1.42	0.884
Hmong	23	6.3	341	93.7	0.23	0.14–0.37	< 0.001*
Yao	92	26.6	254	73.4	1.24	0.89–1.72	0.197
Karen	90	27.4	239	72.6	1.29	0.92–1.80	0.131
Lishu	66	17.9	303	82.1	0.74	0.52–1.06	0.104
Marital status
Single	43	34.1	83	65.9	1.00
Married	378	19.8	1530	80.2	0.47	0.32–0.70	< 0.001*
Widowed	19	17.1	92	82.9	0.39	0.21–0.73	0.003*
Divorce	15	21.1	56	78.9	0.51	0.26–1.01	0.057
Religion
Buddhist	185	15.9	982	84.1	1.00
Christian	270	26.9	732	73.1	1.95	1.58–2.41	< 0.001*
Education
Uneducated	222	18.8	962	81.3	1.00
Primary education	155	27.1	417	72.9	1.60	1.27–2.03	< 0.001*
Secondary education	56	16.4	285	83.6	0.85	0.61–1.17	0.327
High Vocational Certificate	11	13.3	72	86.7	0.66	0.34–1.26	0.214
Bachelor’s degree or higher	11	31.4	24	68.6	1.98	0.95–4.11	0.065
Annual family income (baht)
≤ 10,000	36	17.1	174	82.9	1.00
10,001-50,000	306	23.2	1015	76.8	1.45	0.99–2.13	0.053
50,001-100,000	80	17.2	386	82.8	1.00	0.65–1.54	0.994
≥ 100,001	33	15.1	186	84.9	0.85	0.51–1.43	0.559
Occupation
Unemployed	28	15.1	157	84.9	1.00
Merchant	5	9.4	48	90.6	0.58	0.21–1.60	0.300
Employee	71	30.5	162	69.5	2.47	1.51–4.03	< 0.001*
Agriculture	351	20.1	1393	79.9	1.42	0.93–2.16	0.099
Alcohol use
Yes	278	29.5	664	70.5	2.59	2.10–3.20	< 0.001*
No	177	13.9	1097	86.1	1.00
Amphetamine use
Yes	49	49.0	51	51.0	4.04	2.69–6.07	< 0.001*	2.92	1.69–5.03	< 0.001*
No	406	19.2	1710	80.8	1.00			1.00
Opium use
Yes	35	38.0	57	62.0	2.49	1.61–3.84	< 0.001*
No	420	19.8	1704	80.2	1.00
Marijuana use
Yes	25	42.4	34	57.6	2.95	1.74–5.00	< 0.001*
No	430	19.9	1727	80.1	1.00
Knowledge of the harms of smoking
Low	45	20.5	174	79.5	1.00	0.69–1.45	0.984
Moderate	131	17.9	599	82.1	0.84	0.65–1.09	0.849
Good	168	20.5	652	79.5	1.00
Attitudes toward the harms of smoking
Low	195	27.2	521	72.8	3.25	2.10–5.04	< 0.001*	2.47	1.53–3.97	< 0.001*
Moderate	123	15.4	678	84.6	1.57	1.00–2.47	0.047*	1.36	0.84–2.21	0.203
Good	26	10.3	226	89.7	1.00			1.00
FEV₁ (%)
Normal	262	22.6	896	77.4	1.00
Low	136	23.7	438	76.3	1.06	0.83–1.34	0.619
FVC (%)
Normal	187	23.7	603	76.3	1.00
Low	211	22.4	731	77.6	0.93	0.74–1.16	0.531
FEV₁/FVC
Normal	397	23.1	1322	76.9	1.00
Low	1	7.7	12	92.3	0.21	0.36–2.14	0.219
Oxygen saturation (%)
Normal	443	20.4	1727	79.6	1.00
Low	12	26.1	34	73.9	1.37	0.70–2.67	0.348

*Significant difference at α = 0.05, after adjusting for potential confounders (sex, age, education, and religion)

Back to article page

ISSN: 1471-2458

Contact us

Submission enquiries: bmcpublichealth@biomedcentral.com
General enquiries: ORSupport@springernature.com

BMC Public Health

Contact us