Table 3 Odds ratios, 95% confidence intervals, and p-values of independent biopsychosocial indicators and other substance dependence or abuse on opioid misuse: 2017–2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health
OR | 95% CI | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | |||
Age | ||||
18–25 years old | 6.55 | 3.10 | 13.83 | 0.000 |
26–34 years old | 7.97 | 3.77 | 16.84 | 0.000 |
35–49 years old | 4.95 | 2.33 | 10.52 | 0.000 |
50–64 years old | 4.86 | 2.35 | 10.04 | 0.000 |
65 years and older | ref. | – | – | – |
Sex/Gender | ||||
Male | 1.43 | 1.14 | 1.80 | 0.003 |
Female | ref. | – | – | – |
Race/Ethnicity | ||||
Non-Hispanic White | 5.15 | 2.31 | 11.46 | 0.000 |
Non-Hispanic Black/African American | 3.95 | 1.60 | 9.77 | 0.004 |
Native American/Alaska Native | 8.64 | 3.28 | 22.75 | 0.000 |
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | 3.39 | 0.65 | 17.61 | 0.142 |
Non-Hispanic more than one race | 7.48 | 2.84 | 19.65 | 0.000 |
Hispanic | 3.18 | 1.42 | 7.12 | 0.006 |
Non-Hispanic Asian | ref. | – | – | – |
Sexual Identity | ||||
Lesbian or gay | 1.21 | 0.70 | 2.08 | 0.484 |
Bisexual | 2.70 | 1.89 | 3.84 | 0.000 |
Heterosexual, i.e., straight | ref. | – | – | – |
Educational attainment | ||||
Less than high school | 4.01 | 2.54 | 6.34 | 0.000 |
High school grad | 3.55 | 2.30 | 5.49 | 0.000 |
Some college/associate’s degree | 2.75 | 1.79 | 4.24 | 0.000 |
College graduate | ref. | – | – | – |
Family Income | ||||
Less than $20,000 | 3.55 | 2.57 | 4.91 | 0.000 |
$20,000–$49,999 | 1.95 | 1.44 | 2.64 | 0.000 |
$50,000–$74,999 | 1.56 | 1.08 | 2.26 | 0.020 |
$75,000 or more | ref. | – | – | – |
Population Density | ||||
Segment in a CBSA > 1 million | 0.80 | 0.55 | 1.17 | 0.248 |
Segment in a CBSA < 1 million | 0.99 | 0.69 | 1.40 | 0.936 |
Segment not in a CBSA | ref. | – | – | – |
Employment (past week) | ||||
Employed full/part-time | ref. | – | – | – |
Unemployed | 4.23 | 3.11 | 5.76 | 0.000 |
Retired | 0.29 | 0.14 | 0.59 | 0.001 |
Disabled | 4.10 | 2.88 | 5.84 | 0.000 |
Other | 1.85 | 1.44 | 2.37 | 0.000 |
Arrested and Booked for Breaking the Law | ||||
No | ref. | – | – | |
Yes | 7.73 | 6.18 | 9.68 | 0.000 |
Overall Health Status | ||||
Fair/Poor | 10.70 | 7.25 | 15.78 | 0.000 |
Good | 6.15 | 4.17 | 9.05 | 0.000 |
Very Good | 3.52 | 2.49 | 4.96 | 0.000 |
Excellent | ref. | – | – | |
Serious Psychological Distress in Past Year | ||||
No | ref. | – | – | |
Yes | 9.15 | 7.55 | 11.08 | 0.000 |
Suicidality in Past Year | ||||
No | ref. | – | – | |
Yes | 8.14 | 6.61 | 10.04 | 0.000 |
Private Health Insurance | ||||
No | 4.14 | 3.34 | 5.14 | 0.000 |
Yes | ref. | – | – | |
Nicotine Dependence (past month) | ||||
No | ref. | – | – | – |
Yes | 10.46 | 8.44 | 12.96 | 0.000 |
Alcohol Dependence or Abuse (past year) | ||||
No/Unknown | ref. | – | – | – |
Yes | 5.80 | 4.72 | 7.13 | 0.000 |
Marijuana Dependence or Abuse (past year) | ||||
No/Unknown | ref. | – | – | – |
Yes | 12.82 | 9.33 | 17.62 | 0.000 |
Cocaine Dependence or Abuse (past year) | ||||
No/Unknown | ref. | – | – | – |
Yes | 45.16 | 31.87 | 64.00 | 0.000 |
Inhalant Dependence or Abuse (past year) | ||||
No | ref. | – | – | – |
Yes | 51.00 | 18.24 | 142.58 | 0.000 |
Methamphetamine Dependence or Abuse (past year) | ||||
No | ref. | – | – | – |
Yes | 51.88 | 36.77 | 73.21 | 0.000 |
Tranquilizer Dependence or Abuse (past year) | ||||
No | ref. | – | – | – |
Yes | 145.51 | 112.02 | 189.02 | 0.000 |
Stimulant Dependence or Abuse (past year) | ||||
No | ref. | – | – | – |
Yes | 68.84 | 40.61 | 116.67 | 0.000 |
Sedative Dependence or Abuse (past year) | ||||
No | ref. | – | – | – |
Yes | 67.08 | 30.53 | 147.40 | 0.000 |