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Table 3 Multilevel logistic regression of individual and contextual factors associated with disposal of children’s faeces in Papua New Guinea

From: Individual and contextual factors associated with disposal of children’s stools in Papua New Guinea: evidence from the 2016–2018 demographic and health survey

Variable

Model I

Model II

AOR [95% CI]

Model III

AOR [95% CI]

Model IV

AOR [95% CI]

Fixed effects results

Individual level factors

Child’s age

 < 12 months

1.67***[1.25,2.23]

 

1.71***[1.28,2.29]

 12-23 months

0.84[0.63,1.12]

 

0.84[0.63,1.13]

 24+ months

1

 

1

Mother’s age

 15–19

1

 

1

 20–24

2.59*[1.25,5.37]

 

2.58*[1.24,5.37]

 25–29

1.97[0.95,4.08]

 

1.94[0.93,4.03]

 30–34

1.45[0.70,3.01]

 

1.43[0.68,2.98]

 35–39

2.37*[1.10,5.08]

 

2.34*[1.09,5.04]

 40+

2.74*[1.19,6.27]

 

2.51*[1.09,5.79]

Mothers educational level

 No education

1.590*[1.02,2.48]

 

1.466[0.93,2.30]

 Primary

1.457*[1.05,2.03]

 

1.344[0.96,1.89]

 Secondary or higher

1

 

1

Visit to health facility for child diarrhea

 Yes

1.62**[1.20,2.18]

 

1.69***[1.25,2.28]

 No

1

 

1

Residence

 Rural

0.75[0.39,1.42]

0.73[0.37,1.44]

 Urban

1

1

Region

 Southern

4.94***[2.21,11.06]

4.82***[2.08,11.18]

 Highlands

2.97**[1.34,6.58]

3.04**[1.32,6.99]

 Momase

2.43*[1.04,5.69]

2.39[0.98,5.83]

 Islands

1

1

Sex of household head

 Male

1.77**[1.19,2.64]

1.79**[1.19,2.70]

 Female

Reference

Reference

Type of toilet facility

 Unimproved

1.94***[1.39,2.70]

1.96***[1.39,2.76]

 Improved

1

1

Source of drinking water

 Unimproved

0.58*[0.38,0.88]

0.54**[0.35,0.83]

 Improved

1

1

Random effects results

Parameters

 Variance PSU

0.7088

0.76

0.35

0.400

 Variance region

3.250

3.299

3.190

3.28

 AIC

2546.1

2514.9

2516.3

2485.1

 ICC PSU

0.098

0.103

0.051

0.057

 ICC Region

0.546

0.552

0.519

0.528

 Log-likelihood

− 1270.0

− 1244.4

− 1248.1

−1222.5

 LR Test

354.5 (p < 0.001)

350.4 (p < 0.001)

283.9 (p < 0.001)

282.8 (p < 0.001)

 Number of clusters

597

597

597

597

 N

2095

2095

2095

2095

  1. Exponentiated coefficients; 95% confidence intervals in brackets
  2. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, 1 = Reference category
  3. ICC Intra-Class Correlation, AIC Akaike’s Information Criterion, PSU primary sampling units
  4. Model 1 is the null model, a baseline model without any determinant variable;
  5. Model II = individual level variables
  6. Model III = Contextual Factors
  7. Model III = Individual and Contextual Factors