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Table 1 Participant characteristics of Malaysian MSM, stratified by willingness to use HIV self-testing kit (2019, N = 544)

From: Using individual stated-preferences to optimize HIV self-testing service delivery among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Malaysia: results from a conjoint-based analysis

Variables

Entire Sample

(N = 544)

Willing to use HIVST (n = 405) in (%)

p

Frequency

%

Characteristics of participants

 Age (years): Mean (±SD) a

30.6 (±8.0)

 

30.2 (±7.6)

0.008

 Sexual orientation

   

0.001

 Homosexual/Gay/PLUb

432

79.4

320 (58.8)

 

 Bisexual

98

18.0

80 (14.7)

 

 Othersc

14

2.6

5 (0.9)

 

 Ethnicity

   

0.001

 Malay

272

50.0

220 (40.4)

 

 Chinese

180

33.1

117 (21.5)

 

 Otherd

92

16.9

68 (12.5)

 

 Relationship status

   

0.425

 Singlee

409

75.2

308 (56.6)

 

 Married/Partnered

135

24.8

97 (17.8)

 

 Highest educational level

   

0.744

 Secondary education and below

70

12.9

51 (9.4)

 

 Tertiary education (College/University)

474

87.1

354 (65.1)

 

 Employed

   

0.727

 No

155

28.5

117 (21.5)

 

 Yes

389

71.5

288 (52.9)

 

 Monthly Income (MYR)f

   

0.158

  < 3000

225

41.4

162 (29.8)

 

 3000 - 5999

189

34.7

150 (27.6)

 

  ≥ 6000

130

23.9

93 (17.1)

 

Sexual Behavior Characteristics

 Any anal intercourse with another man (last 6 months)

   

0.009

 No

87

16.0

55 (10.1)

 

 Yes

457

84.0

350 (64.3)

 

 Condomless anal sex (last 6 months)

n = 457

  

0.190

 No

93

20.4

76 (16.6)

 

 Yes

364

79.6

274 (60.0)

 

 Average number of male sexual partners (last 6 months): Mean (±SD)a

5.1(±12.1)

 

5.3(±13.6)

0.117

 Ever engaged in transactional sexg

n = 105

  

0.420

 No

483

88.8

357 (65.6)

 

 Yes

61

11.2

48 (8.8)

 

 Ever used recreational drugs before or during sexh

   

0.505

 No

422

77.6

317 (58.3)

 

 Yes

122

22.4

88 (16.2)

 

Prior HIV testing

 Ever been tested for HIV

   

0.049

 No

161

29.6

129 (23.7)

 

 Yes

383

70.4

276 (50.7)

 

 Previously tested for HIV

n = 383

  

0.231

 Less than 6 months ago

245

64.0

174 (45.4)

 

 6–12 months ago

66

17.2

53 (13.8)

 

 Over 12 months ago

72

18.8

49 (12.8)

 

 Ever used an HIV self-testing kit

   

< 0.001

 No

407

74.8

283 (52.0)

 

 Yes

137

25.2

122 (22.4)

 

Stigma and Discrimination

 I feel embarrassed when people relate HIV as “LGBT” disease

339

62.3

262 (48.2)

0.051

 I feel embarrassed when peers discover that I am getting tested for HIV

273

50.2

223 (41.0)

< 0.001

 I feel discriminated of being mistreated and judged by the healthcare providers if they know my sexual identity

374

68.8

292 (53.7)

0.004

  1. Note: a SD: standard deviation; b PLU: people like us; c Queer, heterosexual, and others; d Includes Indian, Sabahan, Sarawakian, and mixed; e Includes divorced and widowed; f MYR: Malaysian Ringgit; g Received any things or opportunities (e.g., mobile phone, cash, clothes, bag, study or employment opportunity) in exchange for sex; h Includes crystal meth/"ice”, ketamine, ecstasy, poppers, GHB/GBL) before or during anal sex: i HIVST: HIV self-testing