Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the participants

Age (y)

58.4 ± 9.7

37.4 ± 12.8

0.001

Male (%)

68.4

42.6

0.001

Smoking (%)

20.2

11.7

0.024

Physical activity (MET/h-min)

30.1 ± 46.1

35.0 ± 56.7

0.35

Low-physical activity (%)

40.5

38.7

0.41

Body mass index (m²/kg)

28.4 ± 4.4

26.5 ± 4.8

0.005

Waist circumference (cm)

97.4 ± 9.9

87.9 ± 13.3

0.001

Serum creatinine (mmol/L)

102 ± 24.1

91.8 ± 13.1

0.001

Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

128 ± 19.0

109 ± 14.8

0.001

Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

79.9 ± 11.2

72.4 ± 10.3

0.001

Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)

104 ± 37.5

88.3 ± 16.1

0.001

Serum triglycerides (mg/dL)

188 ± 102

132 ± 77.4

0.001

High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (mg/dL)

39.4 ± 7.6

43.3 ± 10.3

0.001

Diabetes (%)

13.2

3.7

0.001

Hypertension (%)

42.1

9.4

0.001

Cardiovascular diseases risk score

20.1 ± 1.2

19.8 ± 0.6

0.004