Table 3 Prevalence of comorbid disorders among problem/pathological gamblers

Any DSM-IV Axis 1 disorder

5^a

74.8 [36.5–93.9]

20.0 [18.9–21.0] [74]

3.7 (0.74)

–

Any alcohol or substance use disorder

10^a

22.2 [16.1–29.8]

5.1 [4.5–5.8] [74]

7.8 (0.85)

–

3^b

57.5

Any alcohol use disorder

12^a

21.2 [5.6–28.1]

8.5 (SE = 0.24) [75]

2.9 (0.68)

Very mild (0.123) [36]

Mild (0.235) [36]

Moderate (0.373) [36]

Severe (0.570) [36]

8^b

28.1

 Alcohol abuse

9^a

18.2 [13.4–24.2]

4.7 (SE = 0.18) [75]

3.9 (0.60)

–

 Alcohol dependence

7^a

15.2 [10.2–22.0]

3.8 (SE = 0.14) [75]

4.0 (0.81)

–

Any substance (non-alcohol) use disorder

7^a

7.0 [1.7–24.9]

2.0 (SE = 1.00) [75]

6.1 (4.23)

–

3^b

17.2

 Substance (non-alcohol) abuse

8^a

6.6 [3.3–12.7]

1.4 (SE = 0.08) [75]

4.7 (1.73)

–

 Substance (non-alcohol) dependence

6^a

4.2 [1.5–11.4]

0.6 (SE = 0.05) [75]

7.0 (4.25)

–

 Nicotine dependence

3^a

56.4 [35.7–75.2]

12.8 (SE = 0.39) [75]

4.6 (0.80)

–

4^b

60.1

 Cannabis use disorder

3^a

11.5 [4.8–25.0]

1.5 (SE = 0.08) [76]

7.7 (3.46)

Mild dependence (0.329)

Moderate to severe (0.479) [36]

Any mood disorder

10^a

23.1 [14.9–34.0]

9.2 (SE = 0.22) [75]

3.3 (0.54)

–

3^b

37.9

 Major depressive disorder

17^a

29.9 [20.5–41.3]

7.1 (SE = 0.20) [75]

3.7 (0.75)

Mild (0.145) [36]

Moderate (0.396) [36]

Severe (0.658) [36]

6^b

23.1

 Dysthymic disorder

3^a

6.7 [4.8–9.2]

1.8 (SE = 0.09) [75]

3.7 (0.65)

0.33–0.38 [77]

 Bipolar disorder

10^a

8.8 [4.4–17.1]

Mania

1.7 (SE = 0.08) [75]

5.5 (1.92)

Manic episode (0.492)

Residual state (0.032) [36]

6^b

9.8

Any anxiety disorder

10^a

17.6 [10.8–27.3]

11.1 (SE = 0.33) [75]

2.5 (0.39)

Mild (0.030) [36]

Moderate (0.133) [36]

Severe (0.523) [36]

3^b

37.4

 Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)

7^a

8.2 [3.4–18.6]

1.2 (SE = 0.30) [78]

6.8 (3.66)

0.12–0.60 [77]

 Panic disorder

6^a

13.7 [6.7–26.0]

Without agoraphobia

1.5 (SE = 0.07) [75]

9.1 (3.31)

0.11–0.69 [77]

 Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD)

4^a

14.4 [3.9–40.8]

2.1 (SE = 0.10) [75]

6.1 (4.49)

0.17–0.60 [77]

3^b

11.1

 Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

4^a

12.3 [3.4–35.7]

4.7 (SE = 0.17) [79]

2.6 (1.76)

0.11–0.51 [77]

 Social phobia

3^a

14.9 [2.0–59.8]

2.8 (SE = 0.13) [75]

5.3 (5.27)

0.17–0.59 [77]

 Intermittent explosive disorder

3^a

4.6 [2.5–8.4]

3.9 (SE = 0.30) [80]

1.2 (0.40)

–

 Kleptomania

3^a

2.7 [1.2–5.9]

0.4 [0.1–1.0] [81]

6.8 (4.90)

–

 Psychotic disorder

5^a

4.7 [3.4–6.5]

Psychosis

0.4 (SE = 0.1) [82]

11.8 (3.54)

Schizophrenia [36]

Acute state (0.778)

Residual state (0.588)

 Somatoform disorder

5^a

3.6 [1.6–8.0]

0.8 [0.3–1.4] [83]

4.5 (2.58)

0.144 [84]

 Adjustment disorder

5^a

9.2 [4.8–17.2]

0.3 [0.1–0.5] [85]

30.7 (14.83)

–

 ADHD

4^a

9.3 [4.1–19.6]

4.4 (SE = 0.6) [86]

2.1 (0.94)

0.045 [36]

Any personality disorder (PD)

9^c

47.9 [29.8–66.7]

7.8 [6.1–9.5] [87]

6.1 (1.39)

–

 Any cluster A disorder

4^c

6.1 [1.5–22.1]

3.8 [3.2–4.4] [87]

1.6 (1.39)

–

  Paranoid personality disorder

8^c

10.1 [4.2–22.1]

2.3 [1.6–3.1] [87]

4.4 (2.12)

–

  Schizoid personality disorder

8^c

6.0 [2.5–13.7]

1.1 [0.7–1.5] [87]

5.5 (2.79)

–

  Schizotypal personality disorder

7^c

4.1 [0.8–19.4]

0.8 [0.5–1.1] [87]

5.1 (6.01)

–

 Any cluster B disorder

4^c

17.6 [6.0–41.8]

2.8 [1.8–3.7] [87]

6.3 (3.44)

–

  Antisocial personality disorder

14^c

14.0 [10.5–18.4]

1.4 [0.8–2.3] [87]

15.3 (4.42)

–

2^b

28.8

  Borderline personality disorder

8^c

13.1 [4.3–33.5]

1.8 [1.2–2.5] [87]

7.3 (4.35)

0.193 [84]

  Histrionic personality disorder

7^c

6.3 [1.0–30.4]

0.6 [0.4–0.9] [87]

10.5 (12.7)

–

  Narcissistic personality disorder

8^c

16.6 [8.0–31.2]

1.9 [0.1–5.6] [87]

8.7 (7.16)

–

 Any cluster C disorder

4^c

12.6 [4.8–29.1]

5.0 [4.2–5.9] [87]

2.5 (1.26)

–

  Avoidant personality disorder

6^c

13.4 [5.9–27.5]

2.7 [1.9–3.7] [87]

5.0 (2.21)

–

  Dependent personality disorder

8^c

6.0 [1.4–22.5]

0.8 [0.5–1.3] [87]

7.5 (7.00)

–

  Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

6^c

13.4 [5.9–27.5]

3.2 [2.4–4.1] [87]

4.2 (1.81)

–