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Table 3 Cross-sectional and prospective associations between racial discrimination and health outcomes

From: Racial discrimination and health: a prospective study of ethnic minorities in the United Kingdom

 

Wave 1

Wave 3

No racial discrimination

Racial discrimination

No racial discrimination

Racial discrimination

Mental health outcomes

 Psychological distress

 Coeff. [95%CI]

Ref

1.11 [0.88; 1.34]***

Ref

0.52 [0.20; 0.85]**

 Mental functioning

 Coeff. [95%CI]

Ref

−3.61 [−4.29; −2.93]***

Ref

−1.77 [− 2.70; −0.83]***

 Life satisfaction

 Coeff. [95%CI]

Ref

− 0.40 [− 0.52; − 0.27]***

Ref

− 0.15 [− 0.32; 0.03]

Impairment outcome

 Limiting longstanding illness

 OR [95%CI]

1.00 (Ref)

1.78 [1.49; 2.13]***

1.00 (Ref)

1.31 [1.01; 1.69]*

Physical health outcomes

 Physical functioning

 Coeff. [95%CI]

Ref

−0.86 [−1.50; − 0.27]**

Ref

− 0.45 [− 1.29; 0.39]

 Self-rated health

 OR [95%CI]

1.00 (Ref)

1.50 [1.24; 1.82]***

1.00 (Ref)

1.30 [1.00; 1.69]*

  1. All analyses are adjusted for age, sex, household income, education and ethnicity. Prospective analyses are additionally adjusted for baseline status/score
  2. Coeff unstandardized B coefficient, CI confidence interval; OR odds ratio
  3. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001