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Table 2 Multivariable models evaluating risk indicators for DMFT ≥1 among adolescents

From: Modelling health belief predictors of oral health and dental anxiety among adolescents based on the Health Belief Model: a cross-sectional study

 

Model 1 (POR, 95% CI)

Model 2 (POR, 95% CI)

Model 3 (POR, 95% CI)

Model 4

Model 5

(POR, 95% CI)

Perceived susceptibility

1.44 (1.25–1.65)*

1.36 (1.16–1.59)*

1.39 (1.21–1.61)*

1.42 (1.24–1.63)*

1.31 (1.12–1.54)*

Perceived severity

1.00 (0.87–1.15)

0.94 (0.80–1.11)

1.01 (0.87–1.16)

0.98 (0.85–1.14)

0.92 (0.78–1.09)

Perceived benefits

0.98 (0.79–1.20)

1.05 (0.83–1.33)

0.97 (0.79–1.20)

0.98 (0.79–1.20)

1.05 (0.83–1.33)

Perceived barriers

1.16 (0.97–1.39)

1.16 (0.95–1.42)

1.15 (0.95–1.39)

1.13 (0.95–1.36)

1.16 (0.93–1.44)

Cues to action

0.96 (0.84–1.10)

1.00 (0.86–1.17)

0.98 (0.85–1.13)

0.97 (0.85–1.12)

1.02 (0.87–1.19)

Self-efficacy

1.02 (0.89–1.15)

1.00 (0.87–1.16)

1.01 (0.88–1.16)

1.02 (0.90–1.16)

1.00 (0.86–1.17)

Sex

 Boy

–

1

–

 

1

 Girl

–

1.63 (1.25–2.12)*

–

 

1.64 (1.24–2.17)*

Father’s education level

 Elementary school

–

1

–

 

1

 High school

–

0.76 (0.46–1.25)

–

 

0.73 (0.44–1.21)

 College or above

–

0.66 (0.37–1.21)

–

 

0.64 (0.35–1.17)

Mother’s education level

 Elementary school

–

1

–

 

1

 High school

–

0.58 (0.38–0.89)*

–

 

0.58 (0.38–0.91)*

 College or above

–

0.56 (0.32–0.98)*

–

 

0.54 (0.31–0.96)*

Family income per month

 HK$15,000 or below

–

1

–

 

1

 HK$15,001 -50,000

–

1.00 (0.69–1.43)

–

 

1.02 (0.71–1.49)

 HK$50,001 or above

–

1.01 (0.61–1.68)

–

 

1.07 (0.64–1.79)

Tooth brushing behavior

 Once a day or less often

–

–

1

 

1

 Twice or more a day

–

–

0.96 (0.73–1.28)

 

0.94 (0.68–1.30)

Flossing behavior

 Never or less than once a week

–

–

1

 

1

 At least once a week

–

–

0.99 (0.73–1.35)

 

1.01 (0.71–1.42)

Sugar consumption

 Rare or less than once a week

–

–

1

 

1

 Several times a week or daily

–

–

1.23 (0.69–1.26)

 

1.09 (0.75–1.57)

Annual dental visit

 No

–

–

1

 

1.08 (0.76–1.53)

 Yes

–

–

0.93 (0.69–1.26)

  

Dental anxiety level

 No or mild

   

1

1

 Severe

   

1.66 (1.17–2.35)*

1.51 (1.03–2.21)*

−2 Log likelihood

1558

1261

1508

1549

1218

Nagelkerke R2

0.042

0.072

0.042

0.051

0.080

  1. Note: *p < 0.05