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Table 2 Distribution of 24 potential neighborhood-level predictors and prevalence of stroke across 500 cities

From: Identifying and assessing the impact of key neighborhood-level determinants on geographic variation in stroke: a machine learning and multilevel modeling approach

Domain

Variable Name

Definition

Data source

Health Outcomes

STROKE

Stroke among adults aged ≥18 years

CDC 500 Cities Data

Unhealthy Behaviors

SMOKING

Current smoking among adults aged ≥18 years

CDC 500 Cities Dataa

NO_PA

No leisure-time physical activity among adults aged ≥18 years

OBESITY

Obesity among adults aged ≥18 years

INSUF_SLEEP

Sleeping less than 7 h among adults aged ≥18 years

Prevention

LACK_INSURANCE

Current lack of health insurance among adults aged 18–64 years

CDC 500 Cities Data

DENTAL

Visits to dentist or dental clinic among adults aged ≥18 years

COLON_SCREEN

Fecal occult blood test, sigmoidoscopy, or colonoscopy among adults aged 50–75 years

CORE_PREV_M

Older adults aged ≥65 years who are up to date on a core set of clinical preventive services (Men: Flu shot past year, Pneumococcal polysaccharides vaccine (PPV) shot ever, Colorectal cancer screening)

 

CORE_PREV_W

Older adults aged ≥65 years who are up to date on a core set of clinical preventive services (Women: Same as above and Mammogram past 2 years)

Socio-demographic Status

AGE65_OVER

Population aged 65 and over

ACSb

AGE18_34

Population aged between 18 and 34

COLLEGE_HIGHER

Bachelor’s degree or higher

HS_COLLEGE

High school graduate or higher

FEMALE

Female

NON_HIS_ASIAN

Not Hispanic or Latino: - Asian alone

NON_HIS_BLACK

Not Hispanic or Latino: - Black or African American alone

NON_HIS_OTHER

Not Hispanic or Latino: - Other

NON_HIS_WHITE

Not Hispanic or Latino: - White alone

POVERTY

Below poverty level; Estimate; Families

MED_INCOME

Median household income in the past 12 months (in thousands)

Environmental factors

HOUSE_PRE1960

Pre-1960 housing (lead paint indicator) (in thousands)

TRAFFIC

Traffic proximity and volume (average number of vehicles/distance)

OZONE

Ozone level in air (ppb)

EPA-EJSCREENc

PM25

PM2.5 level in air

(μg/m3)

  1. a census tract level 500 Cities Data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), which were modeled based on population-based survey data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS).; b census tract level data from the 2011–2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates provided by the Census Bureau; c To match the geospatial unit of census tract available in the other two data sources, we aggregated the census block group level environmental measures to the census tract level by taking the means for PM2.5 and O3, and the sum for the housing data, and the sum of block-group-level population weighted traffic data. PM2.5 concentrations are annual average of the daily ambient average, and ozone concentrations are average of daily maximum 8-h level for the summer season. Both PM2.5 and ozone were from a space-time downscaling fusion model based on monitoring data and modeled data. Traffic data reflect annual average daily traffic count of vehicles, i.e. count of vehicle at major roads within 500 m divided by distance in meters, and was calculated based on traffic data from the U.S. Department of Transportation. Pre-1960 housing data were based on ACS from the U.S. Census