Table 1 Descriptive statistics by cohort and sex
From: Education differences in sickness absence and the role of health behaviors: a prospective twin study
Cohort 1948–60 | Cohort 1967–79 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | Women | Men | Women | |
N = 1437 | N = 1815 | N = 2280 | N = 3274 | |
Age at health study, M (SD) | 41.0 (3.7) | 39.7 (4.0) | 25.7 (3.7) | 25.5 (3.7) |
Ages at SA follow-up, range | 40–66 | 40–66 | 21–47 | 21–47 |
Educational attainment | ||||
1 Primary/lower secondary | 13.9% | 19.2% | 6.6% | 6.8% |
2 Upper secondary, basic | 21.1% | 25.6% | 3.5% | 4.0% |
3 Upper secondary, final year | 26.4% | 16.9% | 31.5% | 27.2% |
4 Post-secondary/ Undergrad. | 25.8% | 33.1% | 37.6% | 46.3% |
5 Master or higher | 12.9% | 5.3% | 20.8% | 15.8% |
Missing n | 3 | 6 | 1 | 2 |
BMI | ||||
Normal (18.5–25 kg/m2) | 59.3% | 78.6% | 71.5% | 78.2% |
Missing n | 25 | 69 | 72 | 141 |
Physical activity | ||||
Never | 42.0% | 42.6% | 4.9% | 3.0% |
< once a week | 15.8% | 13.8% | 27.7% | 25.0% |
1–2 times per week | 26.5% | 29.3% | 36.8% | 40.3% |
3 = < times per week | 15.7% | 14.3% | 30.6% | 31.6% |
Missing n | 41 | 79 | 25 | 27 |
Smoking | ||||
Current/Past | 61.6% | 60.8% | 41.9% | 46.5% |
Missing n | 151 | 168 | 21 | 32 |
Health behavior composite (z-score)a | .55 (1.05) | .41 (0.95) | −.23 (0.93) | −.27 (0.89) |
Missing n | 187 | 267 | 111 | 190 |
Proportion of sickness absence | ||||
M (SD) | 6.3% (11.1) | 9.3% (13.4) | 2.9% (6.3) | 5.8% (8.7)b |