Table 4 Unadjusted and adjusted linear regression models for ‘understanding information’ and ‘ability to engage’ by subgroups (significant results are in bold and have a * at p < 0.05)

Sex (Female)

Male

− 0.136*

(− 0.201, − 0.070)

− 0.130*

(− 0.197, − 0.063)

− 0.040

(− 0.107, 0.026)

− 0.046

(− 0.114, 0.023)

Age (18–24)

25–34

35–44

45–54

55–64

65–74

75+

0.018

0.054

0.076

0.038

0.033

− 0.044

(− 0.134, 0.170)

(− 0.106, 0.214)

(− 0.070, 0.221)

(− 0.115, 0.191)

(− 0.111, 0.178)

(− 0.205, 0.117)

0.090

− 0.055

0.024

0.017

0.016

0.057

(− 0.079, 0.258)

(− 0.204, 0.095)

(− 0.130, 0.177)

(− 0.132, 0.166)

(− 0.131, 0.162)

(− 0.091, 0.205)

0.032

0.099

0.136

0.117

0.178*

0.131

(− 0.130, 0.194)

(− 0.061, 0.259)

(− 0.009, 0.281)

(− 0.037, 0.271)

(0.030, 0.326)

(− 0.032, 0.294)

0.249*

− 0.028

0.083

0.111

0.118

0.196*

(0.053, 0.445)

(− 0.203, 0.146)

(− 0.080, 0.246)

(− 0.050, 0.271)

(− 0.044, 0.279)

(0.033, 0.359)

Children Under 5 (0)

1+

− 0.011

(− 0.115, 0.094)

− 0.056

(− 0.176, 0.063)

− 0.059

(− 0.157, 0.039)

− 0.049

(− 0.164, 0.066)

Region (Scotland)

North

Midlands

South

London

Wales

0.111

0.015

0.115

0.017

0.121

(− 0.021, 0.242)

(− 0.118, 0.148)

(− 0.005, 0.234)

(− 0.169, 0.203)

(− 0.077, 0.320)

0.109

− 0.035

0.022

0.034

0.087

(− 0.030, 0.248)

(− 0.163, 0.092)

(− 0.094, 0.137)

(− 0.139, 0.206)

(− 0.094, 0.268)

0.074

0.005

0.058

0.024

0.040

(− 0.069, 0.218)

(− 0.137, 0.148)

(− 0.078, 0.194)

(− 0.153, 0.201)

(− 0.183, 0.263)

0.086

− 0.011

− 0.007

0.018

0.000

(− 0.076, 0.247)

(− 0.167, 0.146)

(− 0.157, 0.144)

(− 0.173, 0.210)

(− 0.215, 0.214)

IMD (5 Least deprived)

1 (Most deprived)

2

3

4

− 0.325*

− 0.196*

− 0.070

− 0.022

(− 0.429, − 0.220)

(− 0.299, − 0.092)

(− 0.153, 0.013)

(− 0.096, 0.051)

− 0.168*

− 0.079

0.003

0.043

(− 0.282, − 0.053)

(− 0.184, 0.025)

(− 0.078, 0.085)

(− 0.032, 0.119)

− 0.282*

− 0.195*

− 0.075

− 0.033

(− 0.385, − 0.179)

(− 0.294, − 0.096)

(− 0.164, 0.013)

(− 0.111, 0.045)

− 0.155*

− 0.091

− 0.002

0.009

(− 0.272, − 0.037)

(− 0.201, 0.020)

(− 0.100, 0.096)

(− 0.081, 0.100)

Urban vs Rural (Rural)

Urban

− 0.004

(− 0.086, 0.077)

0.094*

(0.012, 0.176)

− 0.049

(− 0.129, 0.030)

0.021

(− 0.063, 0.105)

Long Term Condition (No long term health condition or disability)

Non-limiting health condition or disability

Limiting health condition or disability

− 0.035

− 0.287*

(− 0.118, 0.048)

(− 0.388, − 0.186)

− 0.031

− 0.172*

(− 0.118, 0.055)

(− 0.285, − 0.059)

− 0.034

− 0.298*

(− 0.113, 0.046)

(− 0.401, − 0.195)

− 0.072

− 0.254*

(− 0.161, 0.017)

(− 0.375, − 0.132)

Education (Degree or equivalent)

A level or equivalent

GCSE or equivalent

No Qualification

−0.181*

− 0.264*

− 0.565*

(− 0.255, − 0.106)

(− 0.347, − 0.182)

(− 0.675, − 0.455)

− 0.157*

− 0.220*

− 0.444*

(− 0.243, − 0.072)

(− 0.310, − 0.129)

(− 0.567, − 0.322)

− 0.146*

− 0.190*

− 0.326*

(− 0.232, − 0.059)

(− 0.280, − 0.101)

(− 0.442, − 0.210)

− 0.136*

− 0.176*

− 0.281*

(− 0.230, − 0.042)

(− 0.271, − 0.080)

(− 0.414, − 0.148)

Live Alone (Alone)

Not Alone

0.183*

(0.098, 0.269)

0.125*

(0.043, 0.207)

0.129*

(0.047, 0.210)

0.112*

(0.030, 0.194)

Visit GP (In last 12 months)

More than 12 Months/never

0.030

(− 0.054, 0.114)

0.021

(− 0.072, 0.115)

0.004

(− 0.084, 0.091)

− 0.041

(− 0.137, 0.054)

Income (Less than £1200 p.m)

£1200–2200 p.m.

£2201–3700 p.m.

£3701 or more p.m.

Refused information

0.224*

0.290*

0.377*

0.121

(0.105, 0.343)

(0.173, 0.406)

(0.267, 0.487)

(− 0.026, 0.269)

− 0.017

0.087

0.112

0.088

(− 0.159, 0.125)

(− 0.028, 0.202)

(− 0.006, 0.230)

(− 0.032, 0.208)

0.172*

0.212*

0.267*

0.129

(0.058, 0.287)

(0.096, 0.328)

(0.156, 0.377)

(− 0.004, 0.262)

0.009

0.074

0.077

0.055

(− 0.126, 0.144)

(− 0.044, 0.192)

(− 0.047, 0.200)

(− 0.073, 0.184)

Ethnicity (White)

BAME

− 0.151

(− 0.303, 0.001)

0.096

(− 0.054, 0.246)

− 0.093

(− 0.225, 0.039)

0.025

(− 0.117, 0.166)