Variable | Total (n = 5287) | Male (n = 2427) | Female (n = 2860) | P-valuea |
---|---|---|---|---|
Anthropometry | ||||
 Height (cm) | 165.2 ± 9.8 | 172.8 ± 7.7 | 158.7 ± 6.1 | < 0.001 |
 Weight (kg) | 73.7 ± 13.4 | 80.3 ± 12.6 | 68 ± 11.4 | < 0.001 |
 BMI (kg/m2) | 27 ± 5.26 | 26.97 ± 6.24 | 27.01 ± 4.25 | 0.82 |
 Abdomen Circumference (cm) | 93 ± 10.7 | 95.6 ± 10.8 | 90.8 ± 10 | < 0.001 |
 Neck Circumference (cm) | 37 ± 4.1 | 38.7 ± 4.4 | 35.5 ± 3.1 | < 0.001 |
Bio-impedance | ||||
 Total Body Water (liter) | 35.8 ± 7.8 | 42.3 ± 5.9 | 30.2 ± 3.9 | < 0.001 |
 Body Fat Mass (kg) | 25 ± 8.1 | 22.7 ± 7.7 | 27 ± 7.9 | < 0.001 |
 Protein (kg) | 9.6 ± 2.1 | 11.4 ± 1.6 | 8 ± 1.1 | < 0.001 |
 Mineral (kg) | 3.3 ± 0.9 | 3.9 ± 1 | 2.9 ± 0.4 | < 0.001 |
Laboratory | ||||
 Hyperglycaemia (FBS > 125 mg/dL) | 265 (5.1%) | 170 (7%) | 95 (3.4%) | < 0.001 |
 Hypercholesterolemia (Chol> 240 mg/dL) | 305 (5.8%) | 146 (6%) | 159 (5.6%) | 0.555 |
 Hypertriglyceridemia (TG > 150 mg/dL) | 1257 (24%) | 832 (34.3%) | 425 (15.1%) | < 0.001 |
 Low HDL (HDL < 40 mg/dL) | 330 (6.3%) | 252 (10.4%) | 78 (2.8%) | < 0.001 |
Pulse-Wave Analysis | ||||
 Central Systolic Pressure (mmHg) | 108 ± 12 | 110 ± 12 | 105 ± 11.4 | < 0.001 |
 Central Diastolic Pressure (mmHg) | 74 ± 8.9 | 76 ± 9.1 | 71 ± 8.1 | < 0.001 |
 Central Mean Pressure (mmHg) | 87 ± 10.1 | 89 ± 10.3 | 85 ± 9.4 | < 0.001 |
 Pulse-Wave Velocity (m/s) | 7.2 ± 1.6 | 7.6 ± 1.6 | 6.7 ± 1.5 | < 0.001 |
 Central Pulse Pressure (mmHg) | 34 ± 6.8 | 34.4 ± 6.9 | 33.5 ± 6.8 | 0.002 |
 Augmentation Index (AIx) (%) | 26.7 ± 11.5 | 23.5 ± 10.9 | 29.7 ± 11.2 | < 0.001 |
Electrocardiography | ||||
 Heart Rate (bpm) | 69 ± 14.7 | 67 ± 10.3 | 71 ± 17.7 | < 0.001 |
 Bradycardia | 693 (13.1%) | 450 (18.5%) | 243 (8.5%) | < 0.001 |
 Tachycardia | 32 (0.6%) | 20 (0.8%) | 12 (0.4%) | 0.178 |
Heart Axis | ||||
 Normal (−30° to + 90°) | 5007 (94.7%) | 2244 (92.5%) | 2763 (96.6%) | < 0.001 |
 Left Axis Deviation (−30° to −90°) | 164 (3.1%) | 117 (4.8%) | 47 (1.6%) | |
 vRight Axis Deviation (+ 90° to 180°) | 100 (1.9%) | 57 (2.3%) | 43 (1.5%) | |
 Indeterminate Axis(−90° to 180°) | 16 (0.3%) | 9 (0.4%) | 7 (0.2%) | |
 PR Interval (ms) | 148 ± 31.2 | 152 ± 38.9 | 143 ± 20.7 | < 0.001 |
 QRS Interval (ms) | 93 ± 20.8 | 97 ± 25.4 | 90 ± 14.8 | < 0.001 |
 T Interval (ms) | 196 ± 50.6 | 195 ± 47.6 | 198 ± 53.3 | 0.082 |
 ST Interval (ms) | 104 ± 14.7 | 100 ± 15.9 | 107 ± 12.5 | < 0.001 |
 QT (ms) | 396 ± 28.1 | 393 ± 28.1 | 398 ± 27.9 | < 0.001 |
 QTcB (ms) | 424 ± 104.1 | 416 ± 106.8 | 431 ± 101.1 | < 0.001 |
 QTcF (ms) | 415 ± 91.7 | 409 ± 91.9 | 420 ± 91.2 | < 0.001 |
Spirometryb | ||||
 FEV1/FVC (%) | 82.7 ± 7.6 | 82.1 ± 7.36 | 83.1 ± 7.72 | < 0.001 |
 Normal (> = 70%) | 4497 (95.6%) | 2058 (95.3%) | 2439 (95.8%) | 0.602 |
 Mild Obstruction (60–69%) | 158 (3.4%) | 79 (3.7%) | 79 (3.1%) | |
 Moderate Obstruction (50–59%) | 37 (0.8%) | 15 (0.7%) | 22 (0.9%) | |
 Severe Obstruction (< 50%) | 13 (0.3%) | 7 (0.3%) | 6 (0.2%) | |
Orthopedicc | ||||
 Right Pinch Strength (lbs) | 10 ± 4.8 | 13.7 ± 4 | 7 ± 3.1 | < 0.001 |
 Left Pinch Strength (lbs) | 9.8 ± 4.7 | 13.3 ± 4 | 7 ± 3 | < 0.001 |
 Right Grip Strength (lbs) | 54.1 ± 24.1 | 73.6 ± 19.5 | 38.1 ± 13.3 | < 0.001 |
 Left Grip Strength (lbs) | 51 ± 23.5 | 69.5 ± 19.7 | 35.9 ± 13.2 | < 0.001 |
 Carpal tunnel syndrome | 264 (5%) | 44 (1.8%) | 220 (7.7%) | < 0.001 |
 Calcaneal Spur | 26 (0.5%) | 7 (0.3%) | 19 (0.7%) | 0.059 |
 Knee Arthritis | 48 (0.9%) | 8 (0.3%) | 40 (1.4%) | < 0.001 |
Smell-Taste Assessment (N = 586)d | ||||
 Smell Score (0–6) | 5.1 ± 1.3 | 4.9 ± 1.5 | 5.3 ± 1.1 | < 0.001 |
 Taste Score (0–12) | 9 ± 2.7 | 8.1 ± 2.9 | 9.9 ± 2.2 | < 0.001 |
Ultrasound | ||||
 Abdominopelvic | ||||
 Right Kidney Width (mm) | 106 ± 8.6 | 107 ± 8.6 | 104 ± 8.4 | < 0.001 |
 Left Kidney Width (mm) | 107 ± 9.4 | 109 ± 7.9 | 105 ± 10.1 | < 0.001 |
 Spleen Width (mm) | 102 ± 13.9 | 107 ± 14.3 | 98 ± 12.5 | < 0.001 |
 SAT (mm) | 21.7 ± 8.4 | 22.3 ± 8.9 | 21.2 ± 7.9 | 0.041 |
 VAT (mm) | 74 ± 22.6 | 82 ± 22.6 | 67 ± 20.3 | < 0.001 |
 Liver Craniocaudal Diameter (mm) | 101 ± 12.2 | 106 ± 12 | 97 ± 10.6 | < 0.001 |
 Renal Aorta Diameter (mm) | 14.5 ± 4.7 | 15.3 ± 2.1 | 13.7 ± 6 | < 0.001 |
 Thyroid | ||||
 Right Lobe Volume (cc) | 5.51 ± 3.56 | 6.09 ± 3.43 | 5 ± 3.58 | < 0.001 |
 Left Lobe Volume (cc) | 5.86 ± 3.88 | 6.71 ± 4.09 | 5.12 ± 3.54 | < 0.001 |
 Isthmus Volume (cc) | 0.66 ± 0.87 | 0.78 ± 1.14 | 0.55 ± 0.51 | < 0.001 |
 One Nodule | 1464 (27.7%) | 572 (23.6%) | 892 (31.2%) | < 0.001 |
 Two Nodules | 550 (10.4%) | 204 (8.4%) | 346 (12.1%) | 0.001 |
 Three Nodules | 259 (4.9%) | 77 (3.2%) | 182 (6.4%) | < 0.001 |
 Four Nodules | 106 (2%) | 28 (1.2%) | 78 (2.7%) | 0.001 |
 Five Nodules | 42 (0.8%) | 12 (0.5%) | 30 (1%) | 0.085 |