Table 1 Characteristics of the included participants collected using face-to-face interview
Variable | Total (n = 5287) | Male (n = 2427) | Female (n = 2860) | P-valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic | ||||
Age (year) | 43.9 ± 7.6 | 45.2 ± 8.1 | 42.8 ± 7.0 | < 0.001 |
Ethnicity | ||||
 Fars | 4486 (84.8%) | 2060 (84.9%) | 2426 (84.8%) | 0.881 |
 Turk | 241 (4.6%) | 114 (4.7%) | 127 (4.4%) | |
 Kurd | 194 (3.7%) | 91 (3.7%) | 103 (3.6%) | |
 Others | 366 (6.9%) | 162 (6.7%) | 204 (7.1%) | |
Socioeconomic | ||||
 Education Level | ||||
 Illiterate | 7 (0.1%) | 4 (0.2%) | 3 (0.1%) | < 0.001 |
 Elementary | 88 (1.7%) | 49 (2%) | 39 (1.4%) | |
 Diploma | 734 (13.9%) | 434 (17.9%) | 300 (10.5%) | |
 Short-cycle tertiary education | 483 (9.1%) | 206 (8.5%) | 277 (9.7%) | |
 Bachelor | 2339 (44.2%) | 802 (33%) | 1537 (53.7%) | |
 Master | 883 (16.7%) | 403 (16.6%) | 480 (16.8%) | |
 PhD or higher | 753 (14.2%) | 529 (21.8%) | 224 (7.8%) | |
 Marital Status | ||||
 Single | 447 (8.5%) | 60 (2.5%) | 387 (13.5%) | < 0.001 |
 Married | 4584 (86.7%) | 2340 (96.4%) | 2244 (78.5%) | |
 Widowed | 70 (1.3%) | 6 (0.2%) | 64 (2.2%) | |
 Divorced | 175 (3.3%) | 19 (0.8%) | 156 (5.5%) | |
 Other | 11 (0.2%) | 2 (0.1%) | 9 (0.3%) | |
 Job Category | ||||
 Nurses and midwives | 976 (18.5%) | 198 (8.2%) | 778 (27.2%) | < 0.001 |
 Administrative and office personnel | 825 (15.6%) | 371 (15.3%) | 454 (15.9%) | |
 Faculty Staff | 505 (9.6%) | 387 (15.9%) | 118 (4.1%) | |
 Non-nursing health care assistants | 468 (8.9%) | 172 (7.1%) | 296 (10.3%) | |
 Technicians and assistants in health | 276 (5.2%) | 100 (4.1%) | 176 (6.2%) | |
 Biomedical and Medical Specialists | 163 (3.1%) | 78 (3.2%) | 85 (3%) | |
 Other | 2074 (39.2%) | 1121 (46.2%) | 953 (33.3%) | |
 House Ownership | ||||
 Private | 4094 (77.4%) | 1899 (78.3%) | 2195 (76.8%) | 0.322 |
 Rented | 1001 (18.9%) | 445 (18.3%) | 556 (19.4%) | |
 Organizational | 21 (0.4%) | 12 (0.5%) | 9 (0.3%) | |
 Borrowed | 171 (3.2%) | 71 (2.9%) | 100 (3.5%) | |
Life Style | ||||
 Physical Activity | ||||
 Aerobic Exercise (min) | 13 ± 22.4 | 16 ± 25.6 | 11 ± 18.9 | < 0.001 |
 Heavy Exercise (min) | 1 ± 7.8 | 2 ± 10.5 | 0.6 ± 4.3 | < 0.001 |
 Desk Work (min) | 73 ± 90.3 | 87 ± 98.1 | 62 ± 81.3 | < 0.001 |
 Computer Work (min) | 182 ± 142.8 | 180 ± 146 | 184 ± 140 | 0.275 |
 TV Watching (min) | 88 ± 60.5 | 95 ± 59.6 | 81 ± 60.5 | < 0.001 |
 Mobile Use (min per day) | 71.2 ± 76.8 | 67.9 ± 75.3 | 74 ± 77.9 | 0.004 |
 Sleep Assessment | ||||
 Night Sleep Duration (min) | 382 ± 64.9 | 382 ± 64.3 | 383 ± 65.3 | 0.704 |
 Has Daytime Sleep | 3660 (69.2%) | 1607 (66.2%) | 2053 (71.8%) | < 0.001 |
 Has Night Working Shift | 1724 (32.6%) | 903 (37.2%) | 821 (28.7%) | < 0.001 |
 Clinical History | ||||
 Diabetes Mellitus | 258 (4.9%) | 158 (6.5%) | 100 (3.5%) | < 0.001 |
 Hypertension | 463 (8.8%) | 250 (10.3%) | 213 (7.4%) | < 0.001 |
 Ischemic Heart Diseases | 175 (3.3%) | 92 (3.8%) | 83 (2.9%) | 0.076 |
 Myocardial Infarction | 32 (0.6%) | 28 (1.2%) | 4 (0.1%) | < 0.001 |
 Stroke | 19 (0.4%) | 15 (0.6%) | 4 (0.1%) | 0.005 |
 Rheumatism | 109 (2.1%) | 32 (1.3%) | 77 (2.7%) | < 0.001 |
 Epilepsy | 15 (0.3%) | 8 (0.3%) | 7 (0.2%) | 0.611 |
 Multiple Sclerosis | 15 (0.3%) | 3 (0.1%) | 12 (0.4%) | 0.066 |
 Colorectal Cancer | 4 (0.1%) | 4 (0.2%) | 0 (0%) | 0.044 |
 Osteoporosis | 226 (4.3%) | 31 (1.3%) | 195 (6.8%) | < 0.001 |
 Fatty Liver | 814 (15.4%) | 467 (19.2%) | 347 (12.1%) | < 0.001 |
 Renal Failure | 15 (0.3%) | 6 (0.2%) | 9 (0.3%) | 0.797 |
 Thyroid Disorders | 594 (11.2%) | 104 (4.3%) | 490 (17.1%) | < 0.001 |
 Alopecia | 2784 (52.7%) | 1645 (67.8%) | 1139 (39.8%) | < 0.001 |
Substance Abuse | ||||
 Smoking | ||||
 Current Smoker | 253 (4.8%) | 235 (9.7%) | 18 (0.6%) | 0.122 |
 Ex-Smoker | 404 (7.6%) | 381 (15.7%) | 23 (0.8%) | < 0.001 |
 Hookah | 507 (9.6%) | 365 (15%) | 142 (5%) | < 0.001 |
 Alcohol | 112 (2.1%) | 94 (3.9%) | 18 (0.6%) | < 0.001 |
 Drug Abuse | 59 (1.1%) | 55 (2.3%) | 4 (0.1%) | < 0.001 |
 Gynecology | ||||
 Menstruation Age (year) | NA | NA | 13.4 ± 3.8 | NA |
 Menopause | NA | NA | 411 (14.4%) | NA |
 Pregnancy Number | NA | NA | 2.2 ± 1.5 | NA |
 Has Death Birth Child | NA | NA | 91 (3.2%) | NA |
 Ovary Removal | NA | NA | 57 (2%) | NA |
 Hysterectomy | NA | NA | 94 (3.3%) | NA |
 Infertility | NA | NA | 164 (5.7%) | NA |
 Breast Cancer | NA | NA | 19 (0.7%) | NA |
 Ovarian Cancer | NA | NA | 1 (0.03%) | NA |
 Food Frequency (kcal) | ||||
 Bread and cereals | 876 ± 695 | 1051 ± 847 | 728 ± 486 | < 0.001 |
 Meat and Related Products | 272 ± 194 | 306 ± 173 | 243 ± 205 | < 0.001 |
 Milk and Dairy | 409 ± 250 | 417 ± 240 | 402 ± 259 | 0.033 |
 Vegetables | 266 ± 156 | 247 ± 148 | 281 ± 160 | < 0.001 |
 Oil, oilseeds, and butter | 466 ± 299 | 470 ± 298 | 462 ± 300 | 0.376 |
 Sugars | 111 ± 172 | 138 ± 131 | 87 ± 197 | < 0.001 |
 Total Calorie Intake | 3079 ± 1252 | 3364 ± 1392 | 2837 ± 1061 | < 0.001 |
 Water (glass per day) | 2.9 ± 2.5 | 2.9 ± 2.4 | 2.9 ± 2.6 | 0.655 |